QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text (Publish Ahead of Print[PDF]) All Versions of this Article: 139/1/135    most recent jn.108.092270v1 Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Santika, O. Articles by Ferguson, E. L. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Santika, O. Articles by Ferguson, E. L.

---

Community and International Nutrition

Development of Food-Based Complementary Feeding Recommendation for 9- to 11-Month-Old Peri-Urban Indonesian Infants Using Linear Programming^1,2

³ Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Tropical Medicine (SEAMEO-TROPMED) Regional Centre for Community Nutrition, University of Indonesia, 10430 Jakarta, Indonesia ⁴ Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, 9015 Dunedin, New Zealand ⁵ London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT London, United Kingdom

Effective population-specific, food-based complementary feeding recommendations (CFR) are required to combat micronutrient deficiencies. To facilitate their formulation, a modeling approach was recently developed. However, it has not yet been used in practice. This study therefore aimed to use this approach to develop CFR for 9- to 11-mo-old Indonesian infants and to identify nutrients that will likely remain low in their diets. The CFR were developed using a 4-phase approach based on linear and goal programming. Model parameters were defined using dietary data collected in a cross-sectional survey of 9- to 11-mo-old infants (n = 100) living in the Bogor District, West-Java, Indonesia and a market survey of 3 local markets. Results showed theoretical iron requirements could not be achieved using local food sources (highest level achievable, 63% of recommendations) and adequate levels of iron, niacin, zinc, and calcium were difficult to achieve. Fortified foods, meatballs, chicken liver, eggs, tempe-tofu, banana, and spinach were the best local food sources to improve dietary quality. The final CFR were: breast-feed on demand, provide 3 meals/d, of which 1 is a fortified infant cereal; 5 servings/wk of tempe/tofu; 3 servings/wk of animal-source foods, of which 2 servings/wk are chicken liver; vegetables, daily; snacks, 2 times/d, including 2 servings/wk of banana; and 4 servings/wk of fortified-biscuits. Results showed that the approach can be used to objectively formulate population-specific CFR and identify key problem nutrients to strengthen nutrition program planning and policy decisions. Before recommending these CFR, their long-term acceptability, affordability, and effectiveness should be assessed.

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ufahmida{at}seameo-rccn.org.

Manuscript received 27 May 2008. Initial review completed 8 July 2008. Revision accepted 12 October 2008.