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Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, and * Institute for Optimum Nutrition, Copenhagen, Denmark
2To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Kenneth.Setchell{at}chmcc.org.
Equol [7-hydroxy-3-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)-chroman] is a nonsteroidal estrogen of the isoflavone class. It is exclusively a product of intestinal bacterial metabolism of dietary isoflavones and it possesses estrogenic activity, having affinity for both estrogen receptors, ER
and ERß. Equol is superior to all other isoflavones in its antioxidant activity. It is the end product of the biotransformation of the phytoestrogen daidzein, one of the two main isoflavones found in abundance in soybeans and most soy foods. Once formed, it is relatively stable; however, equol is not produced in all healthy adults in response to dietary challenge with soy or daidzein. Several recent dietary intervention studies examining the health effects of soy isoflavones allude to the potential importance of equol by establishing that maximal clinical responses to soy protein diets are observed in people who are good "equol-producers." It is now apparent that there are two distinct subpopulations of people and that "bacterio-typing" individuals for their ability to make equol may hold the clue to the effectiveness of soy protein diets in the treatment or prevention of hormone-dependent conditions. In reviewing the history of equol, its biological properties, factors influencing its formation and clinical data, we propose a new paradigm. The clinical effectiveness of soy protein in cardiovascular, bone and menopausal health may be a function of the ability to biotransform soy isoflavones to the more potent estrogenic isoflavone, equol. The failure to distinguish those subjects who are "equol-producers" from "nonequol producers" in previous clinical studies could plausibly explain the variance in reported data on the health benefits of soy.
KEY WORDS: • equol • isoflavone • bacterial metabolism • phytoestrogens
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C. Manach, G. Williamson, C. Morand, A. Scalbert, and C. Remesy Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2005; 81(1): 230S - 242S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Williamson and C. Manach Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. II. Review of 93 intervention studies Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2005; 81(1): 243S - 255S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. A. Greany, J. A. Nettleton, K. E. Wangen, W. Thomas, and M. S. Kurzer Probiotic Consumption Does Not Enhance the Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Soy in Postmenopausal Women J. Nutr., December 1, 2004; 134(12): 3277 - 3283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Maskarinec, A. A. Franke, A. E. Williams, S. Hebshi, C. Oshiro, S. Murphy, and F. Z. Stanczyk Effects of a 2-Year Randomized Soy Intervention on Sex Hormone Levels in Premenopausal Women Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., November 1, 2004; 13(11): 1736 - 1744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. L. Frankenfeld, C. Atkinson, W. K. Thomas, E. L. Goode, A. Gonzalez, T. Jokela, K. Wahala, S. M. Schwartz, S. S. Li, and J. W. Lampe Familial Correlations, Segregation Analysis, and Nongenetic Correlates of Soy Isoflavone-Metabolizing Phenotypes Experimental Biology and Medicine, October 1, 2004; 229(9): 902 - 913. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Fujioka, M. Uehara, J. Wu, H. Adlercreutz, K. Suzuki, K. Kanazawa, K. Takeda, K. Yamada, and Y. Ishimi Equol, a Metabolite of Daidzein, Inhibits Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice J. Nutr., October 1, 2004; 134(10): 2623 - 2627. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Wiseman, K. Casey, E. A Bowey, R. Duffy, M. Davies, I. R Rowland, A. S Lloyd, A. Murray, R. Thompson, and D. B Clarke Influence of 10 wk of soy consumption on plasma concentrations and excretion of isoflavonoids and on gut microflora metabolism in healthy adults Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2004; 80(3): 692 - 699. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Selvaraj, M. A. Zakroczymski, A. Naaz, M. Mukai, Y. H. Ju, D. R. Doerge, J. A. Katzenellenbogen, W. G. Helferich, and P. S. Cooke Estrogenicity of the Isoflavone Metabolite Equol on Reproductive and Non-Reproductive Organs in Mice Biol Reprod, September 1, 2004; 71(3): 966 - 972. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Nettleton, K. A. Greany, W. Thomas, K. E. Wangen, H. Adlercreutz, and M. S. Kurzer Plasma Phytoestrogens Are Not Altered by Probiotic Consumption in Postmenopausal Women with and without a History of Breast Cancer J. Nutr., August 1, 2004; 134(8): 1998 - 2003. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Kreijkamp-Kaspers, L. Kok, D. E. Grobbee, E. H. F. de Haan, A. Aleman, J. W. Lampe, and Y. T. van der Schouw Effect of Soy Protein Containing Isoflavones on Cognitive Function, Bone Mineral Density, and Plasma Lipids in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial JAMA, July 7, 2004; 292(1): 65 - 74. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Nikander, A. Tiitinen, K. Laitinen, M. Tikkanen, and O. Ylikorkala Effects of Isolated Isoflavonoids on Lipids, Lipoproteins, Insulin Sensitivity, and Ghrelin in Postmenopausal Women J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2004; 89(7): 3567 - 3572. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. G. Sobey, J. M. Weiler, M. Boujaoude, and O. L. Woodman Effect of Short-Term Phytoestrogen Treatment in Male Rats on Nitric Oxide-Mediated Responses of Carotid and Cerebral Arteries: Comparison with 17{beta}-Estradiol J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., July 1, 2004; 310(1): 135 - 140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Manach, A. Scalbert, C. Morand, C. Remesy, and L. Jimenez Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2004; 79(5): 727 - 747. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. B. Grace, J. I. Taylor, Y.-L. Low, R. N. Luben, A. A. Mulligan, N. P. Botting, M. Dowsett, A. A. Welch, K.-T. Khaw, N. J. Wareham, et al. Phytoestrogen Concentrations in Serum and Spot Urine as Biomarkers for Dietary Phytoestrogen Intake and Their Relation to Breast Cancer Risk in European Prospective Investigation of Cancer and Nutrition-Norfolk Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., May 1, 2004; 13(5): 698 - 708. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. W. Erdman Jr., T. M. Badger, J. W. Lampe, K. D.R. Setchell, and M. Messina Not All Soy Products Are Created Equal: Caution Needed in Interpretation of Research Results J. Nutr., May 1, 2004; 134(5): 1229S - 1233S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. D. Lund, D. J. Munson, M. E. Haldy, K. D.R. Setchell, E. D. Lephart, and R. J. Handa Equol Is a Novel Anti-Androgen that Inhibits Prostate Growth and Hormone Feedback Biol Reprod, April 1, 2004; 70(4): 1188 - 1195. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Atkinson, S. Berman, O. Humbert, and J. W. Lampe In Vitro Incubation of Human Feces with Daidzein and Antibiotics Suggests Interindividual Differences in the Bacteria Responsible for Equol Production J. Nutr., March 1, 2004; 134(3): 596 - 599. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Keinan-Boker, Y. T van Der Schouw, D. E Grobbee, and P. H. Peeters Dietary phytoestrogens and breast cancer risk Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2004; 79(2): 282 - 288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. M. Cline, A. A. Franke, T. C. Register, D. L. Golden, and M. R. Adams Effects of Dietary Isoflavone Aglycones on the Reproductive Tract of Male and Female Mice Toxicol Pathol, January 1, 2004; 32(1): 91 - 99. [Abstract] [PDF]
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A. H. Wu, M. C. Yu, C.-C. Tseng, N. C. Twaddle, and D. R. Doerge Plasma isoflavone levels versus self-reported soy isoflavone levels in Asian-American women in Los Angeles County Carcinogenesis, January 1, 2004; 25(1): 77 - 81. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. D. Wagner, D. C. Schwenke, K. A. Greaves, L. Zhang, M. S. Anthony, R. M. Blair, M. K. Shadoan, and J. K. Williams Soy Protein With Isoflavones, but not an Isoflavone-Rich Supplement, Improves Arterial Low-Density Lipoprotein Metabolism and Atherogenesis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2003; 23(12): 2241 - 2246. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. D. Setchell and E. Lydeking-Olsen Dietary phytoestrogens and their effect on bone: evidence from in vitro and in vivo, human observational, and dietary intervention studies Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2003; 78(3): 593S - 609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. C. Register, M. J. Jayo, and M. S. Anthony Soy Phytoestrogens Do Not Prevent Bone Loss in Postmenopausal Monkeys J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2003; 88(9): 4362 - 4370. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. E. Piersen Phytoestrogens in Botanical Dietary Supplements: Implications for Cancer Integr Cancer Ther, June 1, 2003; 2(2): 120 - 138. [Abstract] [PDF]
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K. D. R. Setchell, N. M. Brown, P. B. Desai, L. Zimmer-Nechimias, B. Wolfe, A. S. Jakate, V. Creutzinger, and J. E. Heubi Bioavailability, Disposition, and Dose-Response Effects of Soy Isoflavones When Consumed by Healthy Women at Physiologically Typical Dietary Intakes J. Nutr., April 1, 2003; 133(4): 1027 - 1035. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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