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(Journal of Nutrition. 2000;130:2073S-2085S.)
© 2000 The American Society for Nutritional Sciences


Supplement

Dietary Intake and Bioavailability of Polyphenols1

Augustin Scalbert*,2 and Gary Williamson{dagger}

* Laboratoire des Maladies Métaboliques et Micronutriments, INRA, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France and {dagger} Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, U.K.

The main dietary sources of polyphenols are reviewed, and the daily intake is calculated for a given diet containing some common fruits, vegetables and beverages. Phenolic acids account for about one third of the total intake and flavonoids account for the remaining two thirds. The most abundant flavonoids in the diet are flavanols (catechins plus proanthocyanidins), anthocyanins and their oxidation products. The main polyphenol dietary sources are fruit and beverages (fruit juice, wine, tea, coffee, chocolate and beer) and, to a lesser extent vegetables, dry legumes and cereals. The total intake is ~1 g/d. Large uncertainties remain due to the lack of comprehensive data on the content of some of the main polyphenol classes in food. Bioavailability studies in humans are discussed. The maximum concentration in plasma rarely exceeds 1 µM after the consumption of 10–100 mg of a single phenolic compound. However, the total plasma phenol concentration is probably higher due to the presence of metabolites formed in the body’s tissues or by the colonic microflora. These metabolites are still largely unknown and not accounted for. Both chemical and biochemical factors that affect the absorption and metabolism of polyphenols are reviewed, with particular emphasis on flavonoid glycosides. A better understanding of these factors is essential to explain the large variations in bioavailability observed among polyphenols and among individuals.


KEY WORDS: • polyphenol • phenolic acid • flavonoid • flavonoid glycoside • dietary intake • bioavailability • gut absorption • metabolism • colonic microflora • glucosidase • antioxidant




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J. Nutr.Home page
J. Frank, T. Lundh, R. S. Parker, J. E. Swanson, B. Vessby, and A. Kamal-Eldin
Dietary (+)-Catechin and BHT Markedly Increase {alpha}-Tocopherol Concentrations in Rats by a Tocopherol-{omega}-Hydroxylase-Independent Mechanism
J. Nutr., October 1, 2003; 133(10): 3195 - 3199.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Nutr.Home page
J. Blumberg
Proceedings of the 3rd International Scientific Symposium on Tea and Human Health: Role of Flavonoids in the Diet. September 23, 2002.
J. Nutr., October 1, 2003; 133(10): 3244S - 3318S.
[Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Nutr.Home page
G. R. Beecher
Overview of Dietary Flavonoids: Nomenclature, Occurrence and Intake
J. Nutr., October 1, 2003; 133(10): 3248S - 3254.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Nutr.Home page
J. P. E. Spencer
Metabolism of Tea Flavonoids in the Gastrointestinal Tract
J. Nutr., October 1, 2003; 133(10): 3255S - 3261.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Drug Metab. Dispos.Home page
M. A. Tawab, U. Bahr, M. Karas, M. Wurglics, and M. Schubert-Zsilavecz
DEGRADATION OF GINSENOSIDES IN HUMANS AFTER ORAL ADMINISTRATION
Drug Metab. Dispos., August 1, 2003; 31(8): 1065 - 1071.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Nutr.Home page
H. Carlsen, M. C. W. Myhrstad, M. Thoresen, J. O. Moskaug, and R. Blomhoff
Berry Intake Increases the Activity of the {gamma}-Glutamylcysteine Synthetase Promoter in Transgenic Reporter Mice
J. Nutr., July 1, 2003; 133(7): 2137 - 2140.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Nutr.Home page
I.-W. Peng and S.-M. Kuo
Flavonoid Structure Affects the Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation in Caco-2 Intestinal Cells at Physiological Concentrations
J. Nutr., July 1, 2003; 133(7): 2184 - 2187.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
K. J Murphy, A. K Chronopoulos, I. Singh, M. A Francis, H. Moriarty, M. J Pike, A. H Turner, N. J Mann, and A. J Sinclair
Dietary flavanols and procyanidin oligomers from cocoa (Theobroma cacao) inhibit platelet function
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2003; 77(6): 1466 - 1473.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Am. Coll. Nutr.Home page
H.-Y. Kim, O.-H. Kim, and M.-K. Sung
Effects of Phenol-Depleted and Phenol-Rich Diets on Blood Markers of Oxidative Stress, and Urinary Excretion of Quercetin and Kaempferol in Healthy Volunteers
J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2003; 22(3): 217 - 223.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Nutr.Home page
M.-P. Gonthier, M.-A. Verny, C. Besson, C. Remesy, and A. Scalbert
Chlorogenic Acid Bioavailability Largely Depends on Its Metabolism by the Gut Microflora in Rats
J. Nutr., June 1, 2003; 133(6): 1853 - 1859.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Nutr.Home page
O. Aprikian, V. Duclos, S. Guyot, C. Besson, C. Manach, A. Bernalier, C. Morand, C. Remesy, and C. Demigne
Apple Pectin and a Polyphenol-Rich Apple Concentrate Are More Effective Together Than Separately on Cecal Fermentations and Plasma Lipids in Rats
J. Nutr., June 1, 2003; 133(6): 1860 - 1865.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Arch Intern MedHome page
M. Vanharanta, S. Voutilainen, T. H. Rissanen, H. Adlercreutz, and J. T. Salonen
Risk of Cardiovascular Disease-Related and All-Cause Death According to Serum Concentrations of Enterolactone: Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study
Arch Intern Med, May 12, 2003; 163(9): 1099 - 1104.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
L. Y Rios, M.-P. Gonthier, C. Remesy, I. Mila, C. Lapierre, S. A Lazarus, G. Williamson, and A. Scalbert
Chocolate intake increases urinary excretion of polyphenol-derived phenolic acids in healthy human subjects
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2003; 77(4): 912 - 918.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Res.Home page
I. Naasani, F. Oh-hashi, T. Oh-hara, W. Y. Feng, J. Johnston, K. Chan, and T. Tsuruo
Blocking Telomerase by Dietary Polyphenols Is a Major Mechanism for Limiting the Growth of Human Cancer Cells in Vitro and in Vivo
Cancer Res., February 15, 2003; 63(4): 824 - 830.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Nutr.Home page
M.-P. Gonthier, V. Cheynier, J. L. Donovan, C. Manach, C. Morand, I. Mila, C. Lapierre, C. Remesy, and A. Scalbert
Microbial Aromatic Acid Metabolites Formed in the Gut Account for a Major Fraction of the Polyphenols Excreted in Urine of Rats Fed Red Wine Polyphenols
J. Nutr., February 1, 2003; 133(2): 461 - 467.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
D. J O'Byrne, S. Devaraj, S. M Grundy, and I. Jialal
Comparison of the antioxidant effects of Concord grape juice flavonoids {alpha}-tocopherol on markers of oxidative stress in healthy adults
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2002; 76(6): 1367 - 1374.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Nutr.Home page
D. Shanmuganayagam, M. R. Beahm, H. E. Osman, C. G. Krueger, J. D. Reed, and J. D. Folts
Grape Seed and Grape Skin Extracts Elicit a Greater Antiplatelet Effect When Used in Combination than When Used Individually in Dogs and Humans
J. Nutr., December 1, 2002; 132(12): 3592 - 3598.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
L. Y Rios, R. N Bennett, S. A Lazarus, C. Remesy, A. Scalbert, and G. Williamson
Cocoa procyanidins are stable during gastric transit in humans
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2002; 76(5): 1106 - 1110.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
F. Perez-Vizcaino, M. Ibarra, A. L. Cogolludo, J. Duarte, F. Zaragoza-Arnaez, L. Moreno, G. Lopez-Lopez, and J. Tamargo
Endothelium-Independent Vasodilator Effects of the Flavonoid Quercetin and Its Methylated Metabolites in Rat Conductance and Resistance Arteries
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., July 1, 2002; 302(1): 66 - 72.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
J. Song, O. Kwon, S. Chen, R. Daruwala, P. Eck, J. B. Park, and M. Levine
Flavonoid Inhibition of Sodium-dependent Vitamin C Transporter 1 (SVCT1) and Glucose Transporter Isoform 2 (GLUT2), Intestinal Transporters for Vitamin C and Glucose
J. Biol. Chem., May 3, 2002; 277(18): 15252 - 15260.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Nutr.Home page
C. Adcocks, P. Collin, and D. J. Buttle
Catechins from Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) Inhibit Bovine and Human Cartilage Proteoglycan and Type II Collagen Degradation In Vitro
J. Nutr., March 1, 2002; 132(3): 341 - 346.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Am. Coll. Nutr.Home page
D. L. McKay and J. B. Blumberg
The Role of Tea in Human Health: An Update
J. Am. Coll. Nutr., February 1, 2002; 21(1): 1 - 13.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Nutr.Home page
M. S. DuPont, R. N. Bennett, F. A. Mellon, and G. Williamson
Polyphenols from Alcoholic Apple Cider Are Absorbed, Metabolized and Excreted by Humans
J. Nutr., February 1, 2002; 132(2): 172 - 175.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Drug Metab. Dispos.Home page
K. Shimoi, N. Saka, R. Nozawa, M. Sato, I. Amano, T. Nakayama, and N. Kinae
Deglucuronidation of a Flavonoid, Luteolin Monoglucuronide, during Inflammation
Drug Metab. Dispos., December 1, 2001; 29(12): 1521 - 1524.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Exp. Biol. Med.Home page
J. H. Weisburger
Chemopreventive Effects of Cocoa Polyphenols on Chronic Diseases
Experimental Biology and Medicine, November 1, 2001; 226(10): 891 - 897.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Nutr.Home page
A. L. A. Sesink, K. A. O'Leary, and P. C. H. Hollman
Quercetin Glucuronides but Not Glucosides Are Present in Human Plasma after Consumption of Quercetin-3-Glucoside or Quercetin-4'-Glucoside
J. Nutr., July 1, 2001; 131(7): 1938 - 1941.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Nutr.Home page
J. L. Donovan, V. Crespy, C. Manach, C. Morand, C. Besson, A. Scalbert, and C. Rémésy
Catechin Is Metabolized by Both the Small Intestine and Liver of Rats
J. Nutr., June 1, 2001; 131(6): 1753 - 1757.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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J. Nutr.Home page
S. Deprez, C. Brezillon, S. Rabot, C. Philippe, I. Mila, C. Lapierre, and A. Scalbert
Polymeric Proanthocyanidins Are Catabolized by Human Colonic Microflora into Low-Molecular-Weight Phenolic Acids
J. Nutr., November 1, 2000; 130(11): 2733 - 2738.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]




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