![[Feedback]](/icons/banner/feedbackACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[For Subscribers]](/icons/banner/subscriberACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Archive]](/icons/banner/archiveACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Search]](/icons/banner/searchACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Contents]](/icons/banner/tocACT.gif){kind=icon}
|
|
|
|
|
||
Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
2To whom correspondence should be addressed.
The objectives of the present study were twofold: 1) to determine whether leucine is unique among the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in its ability to stimulate protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of food-deprived rats; and 2) to investigate whether changes in muscle protein synthesis after leucine administration involve a signaling pathway that includes the protein kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). In the first set of experiments, food-deprived (18 h) male rats (200 g) were orally administered saline or 270 mg valine, isoleucine or leucine. In the second set of experiments, food-deprived rats were injected intravenously with rapamycin (0.75 mg/kg), a specific inhibitor of mTOR, before leucine administration. Only leucine stimulated protein synthesis in skeletal muscle above saline-treated controls (P < 0.05). Furthermore, leucine was most effective among the BCAA at enhancing phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF), 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) and the 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K1). Leucine-dependent hyperphosphorylation of 4E-BP1 increased the availability of eIF4E to form the active eIF4G·eIF4E complex. To a lesser extent, isoleucine also enhanced phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and S6K1. Rapamycin inhibited protein synthesis in both leucine-treated and food-deprived rats. Additionally, rapamycin prevented the stimulatory effects of leucine on eIF4E availability for binding eIF4G and inhibited leucine-dependent phosphorylation of S6K1. The data demonstrate that leucine is unique among the BCAA in its ability to stimulate protein synthesis in muscle of food-deprived rats. We show for the first time that leucine-dependent stimulation of translation initiation in vivo occurs via a rapamycin-sensitive pathway.
KEY WORDS: • leucine • protein synthesis • translation initiation • skeletal muscle • rats
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  A. Chopard, M. Lecunff, R. Danger, G. Lamirault, A. Bihouee, R. Teusan, B. J. Jasmin, J. F. Marini, and J. J. Leger Large-scale mRNA analysis of female skeletal muscles during 60 days of bed rest with and without exercise or dietary protein supplementation as countermeasures Physiol Genomics, August 7, 2009; 38(3): 291 - 302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Xu, Y. Li, W. An, S. Li, Y. Guan, N. Wang, C. Tang, X. Wang, Y. Zhu, X. Li, et al. Gastric Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling Regulates Ghrelin Production and Food Intake Endocrinology, August 1, 2009; 150(8): 3637 - 3644. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 ThomasC. Vary Oral Leucine Enhances Myocardial Protein Synthesis in Rats Acutely Administered Ethanol J. Nutr., August 1, 2009; 139(8): 1439 - 1444. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Drummond, M. Miyazaki, H. C. Dreyer, B. Pennings, S. Dhanani, E. Volpi, K. A. Esser, and B. B. Rasmussen Expression of growth-related genes in young and older human skeletal muscle following an acute stimulation of protein synthesis J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2009; 106(4): 1403 - 1411. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Miyazaki and K. A. Esser Cellular mechanisms regulating protein synthesis and skeletal muscle hypertrophy in animals J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2009; 106(4): 1367 - 1373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Drummond, H. C. Dreyer, C. S. Fry, E. L. Glynn, and B. B. Rasmussen Nutritional and contractile regulation of human skeletal muscle protein synthesis and mTORC1 signaling J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2009; 106(4): 1374 - 1384. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Drummond, C. S. Fry, E. L. Glynn, H. C. Dreyer, S. Dhanani, K. L. Timmerman, E. Volpi, and B. B. Rasmussen Rapamycin administration in humans blocks the contraction-induced increase in skeletal muscle protein synthesis J. Physiol., April 1, 2009; 587(7): 1535 - 1546. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. D. Brown, P. J. Rozance, J. S. Barry, J. E. Friedman, and W. W. Hay Jr. Insulin is required for amino acid stimulation of dual pathways for translational control in skeletal muscle in the late-gestation ovine fetus Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, January 1, 2009; 296(1): E56 - E63. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Dardevet, S. R Kimball, L. S Jefferson, A. D Cherrington, D. Remond, C. A DiCostanzo, and M. C. Moore Portal infusion of amino acids is more efficient than peripheral infusion in stimulating liver protein synthesis at the same hepatic amino acid load in dogs Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2008; 88(4): 986 - 996. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Pruznak, A. A. Kazi, R. A. Frost, T. C. Vary, and C. H. Lang Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase by 5-Aminoimidazole-4-Carboxamide-1-{beta}-D-Ribonucleoside Prevents Leucine-Stimulated Protein Synthesis in Rat Skeletal Muscle J. Nutr., October 1, 2008; 138(10): 1887 - 1894. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Suryawan, A. S. Jeyapalan, R. A. Orellana, F. A. Wilson, H. V. Nguyen, and T. A. Davis Leucine stimulates protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs by enhancing mTORC1 activation Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, October 1, 2008; 295(4): E868 - E875. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Thomson, C. A. Fick, and S. E. Gordon AMPK activation attenuates S6K1, 4E-BP1, and eEF2 signaling responses to high-frequency electrically stimulated skeletal muscle contractions J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2008; 104(3): 625 - 632. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. C. Dreyer, M. J. Drummond, B. Pennings, S. Fujita, E. L. Glynn, D. L. Chinkes, S. Dhanani, E. Volpi, and B. B. Rasmussen Leucine-enriched essential amino acid and carbohydrate ingestion following resistance exercise enhances mTOR signaling and protein synthesis in human muscle Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, February 1, 2008; 294(2): E392 - E400. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Escobar, J. W. Frank, A. Suryawan, H. V. Nguyen, and T. A. Davis Amino acid availability and age affect the leucine stimulation of protein synthesis and eIF4F formation in muscle Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, December 1, 2007; 293(6): E1615 - E1621. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. L. Eley, S. T. Russell, J. H. Baxter, P. Mukerji, and M. J. Tisdale Signaling pathways initiated by beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate to attenuate the depression of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle in response to cachectic stimuli Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, October 1, 2007; 293(4): E923 - E931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Sharma, P. H. Guthrie, S. S. Chan, S. Haq, and H. Taegtmeyer Glucose phosphorylation is required for insulin-dependent mTOR signalling in the heart Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2007; 76(1): 71 - 80. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. C. Vary Acute Oral Leucine Administration Stimulates Protein Synthesis during Chronic Sepsis through Enhanced Association of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4G with Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4E in Rats J. Nutr., September 1, 2007; 137(9): 2074 - 2079. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T B. Symons, S. E Schutzler, T. L Cocke, D. L Chinkes, R. R Wolfe, and D. Paddon-Jones Aging does not impair the anabolic response to a protein-rich meal Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2007; 86(2): 451 - 456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. C. Vary and C. J. Lynch Nutrient Signaling Components Controlling Protein Synthesis in Striated Muscle J. Nutr., August 1, 2007; 137(8): 1835 - 1843. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. C. Vary, G. Deiter, and C. J. Lynch Rapamycin Limits Formation of Active Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4F Complex Following Meal Feeding in Rat Hearts J. Nutr., August 1, 2007; 137(8): 1857 - 1862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. C. Vary, J. C. Anthony, L. S. Jefferson, S. R. Kimball, and C. J. Lynch Rapamycin blunts nutrient stimulation of eIF4G, but not PKC{varepsilon} phosphorylation, in skeletal muscle Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, July 1, 2007; 293(1): E188 - E196. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Pospisilova, J. Cmejlova, J. Hak, T. Adam, and R. Cmejla Successful treatment of a Diamond-Blackfan anemia patient with amino acid leucine Haematologica, May 1, 2007; 92(5): e66 - e67. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Murata and M. Moriyama Isoleucine, an Essential Amino Acid, Prevents Liver Metastases of Colon Cancer by Antiangiogenesis Cancer Res., April 1, 2007; 67(7): 3263 - 3268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. G. Anthony, B. J. McDaniel, P. Knoll, P. Bunpo, G. L. Paul, and M. A. McNurlan Feeding Meals Containing Soy or Whey Protein after Exercise Stimulates Protein Synthesis and Translation Initiation in the Skeletal Muscle of Male Rats J. Nutr., February 1, 2007; 137(2): 357 - 362. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Wang, N. Kubica, L. W. Ellisen, L. S. Jefferson, and S. R. Kimball Dexamethasone Represses Signaling through the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin in Muscle Cells by Enhancing Expression of REDD1 J. Biol. Chem., December 22, 2006; 281(51): 39128 - 39134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Holecek, T. Muthny, M. Kovarik, and L. Sispera Simultaneous Infusion of Glutamine and Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) to Septic Rats Does Not Have More Favorable Effect on Protein Synthesis in Muscle, Liver, and Small Intestine Than Separate Infusions JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, November 1, 2006; 30(6): 467 - 473. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. B. Reinert, L. M. Oberle, S. A. Wek, P. Bunpo, X. P. Wang, I. Mileva, L. O. Goodwin, C. J. Aldrich, D. L. Durden, M. A. McNurlan, et al. Role of Glutamine Depletion in Directing Tissue-specific Nutrient Stress Responses to L-Asparaginase J. Biol. Chem., October 20, 2006; 281(42): 31222 - 31233. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Fujita, B. B. Rasmussen, J. G. Cadenas, J. J. Grady, and E. Volpi Effect of insulin on human skeletal muscle protein synthesis is modulated by insulin-induced changes in muscle blood flow and amino acid availability Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, October 1, 2006; 291(4): E745 - E754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Lynch, B. Gern, C. Lloyd, S. M. Hutson, R. Eicher, and T. C. Vary Leucine in food mediates some of the postprandial rise in plasma leptin concentrations Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, September 1, 2006; 291(3): E621 - E630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Rieu, M. Balage, C. Sornet, C. Giraudet, E. Pujos, J. Grizard, L. Mosoni, and D. Dardevet Leucine supplementation improves muscle protein synthesis in elderly men independently of hyperaminoacidaemia J. Physiol., August 15, 2006; 575(1): 305 - 315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J. Crozier, X. Zhang, J. Wang, J. Cheung, S. R. Kimball, and L. S. Jefferson Activation of signaling pathways and regulatory mechanisms of mRNA translation following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2006; 101(2): 576 - 582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D. Sans, M. Tashiro, N. L. Vogel, S. R. Kimball, L. G. D'Alecy, and J. A. Williams Leucine Activates Pancreatic Translational Machinery in Rats and Mice through mTOR Independently of CCK and Insulin J. Nutr., July 1, 2006; 136(7): 1792 - 1799. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. I. Lewis, S. C. Bodine, N. Kamangar, X. Xu, X. Da, and M. Fournier Effect of severe short-term malnutrition on diaphragm muscle signal transduction pathways influencing protein turnover J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2006; 100(6): 1799 - 1806. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Talvas, A. Obled, P. Fafournoux, and S. Mordier Regulation of Protein Synthesis by Leucine Starvation Involves Distinct Mechanisms in Mouse C2C12 Myoblasts and Myotubes J. Nutr., June 1, 2006; 136(6): 1466 - 1471. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. K. Palmer, S. L. Rannels, S. R. Kimball, L. S. Jefferson, and R. L. Keil Inhibition of mammalian translation initiation by volatile anesthetics Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, June 1, 2006; 290(6): E1267 - E1275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W-C. Hsu, W. Kriengsinyos, L. J. Wykes, M. Rafii, L. A. Goonewardene, R. O. Ball, and P. B. Pencharz Leucine Is Not a Good Choice as an Indicator Amino Acid for Determining Amino Acid Requirements in Men J. Nutr., April 1, 2006; 136(4): 958 - 964. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. C. Vary and C. J. Lynch Meal feeding enhances formation of eIF4F in skeletal muscle: role of increased eIF4E availability and eIF4G phosphorylation Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, April 1, 2006; 290(4): E631 - E642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Escobar, J. W. Frank, A. Suryawan, H. V. Nguyen, S. R. Kimball, L. S. Jefferson, and T. A. Davis Regulation of cardiac and skeletal muscle protein synthesis by individual branched-chain amino acids in neonatal pigs Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, April 1, 2006; 290(4): E612 - E621. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. R Kimball and L. S Jefferson New functions for amino acids: effects on gene transcription and translation Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2006; 83(2): 500S - 507S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. E. Norton and D. K. Layman Leucine Regulates Translation Initiation of Protein Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle after Exercise J. Nutr., February 1, 2006; 136(2): 533S - 537S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Liu, W. Long, D. A. Fryburg, and E. J. Barrett The Regulation of Body and Skeletal Muscle Protein Metabolism by Hormones and Amino Acids J. Nutr., January 1, 2006; 136(1): 212S - 217S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. R. Kimball and L. S. Jefferson Signaling Pathways and Molecular Mechanisms through which Branched-Chain Amino Acids Mediate Translational Control of Protein Synthesis J. Nutr., January 1, 2006; 136(1): 227S - 231S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Kobayashi, H. Kato, Y. Hirabayashi, H. Murakami, and H. Suzuki Modulations of Muscle Protein Metabolism by Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Normal and Muscle-Atrophying Rats J. Nutr., January 1, 2006; 136(1): 234S - 236S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Blomstrand, J. Eliasson, H. K. R. Karlsson, and R. Kohnke Branched-Chain Amino Acids Activate Key Enzymes in Protein Synthesis after Physical Exercise J. Nutr., January 1, 2006; 136(1): 269S - 273S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Fujita and E. Volpi Amino Acids and Muscle Loss with Aging J. Nutr., January 1, 2006; 136(1): 277S - 280S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Tom and K. S. Nair Assessment of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Status and Potential for Biomarkers J. Nutr., January 1, 2006; 136(1): 324S - 330S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Combaret, D. Dardevet, I. Rieu, M.-N. Pouch, D. Bechet, D. Taillandier, J. Grizard, and D. Attaix A leucine-supplemented diet restores the defective postprandial inhibition of proteasome-dependent proteolysis in aged rat skeletal muscle J. Physiol., December 1, 2005; 569(2): 489 - 499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. S Katsanos, H. Kobayashi, M. Sheffield-Moore, A. Aarsland, and R. R Wolfe Aging is associated with diminished accretion of muscle proteins after the ingestion of a small bolus of essential amino acids Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2005; 82(5): 1065 - 1073. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. C. Vary, S. Goodman, L. E. Kilpatrick, and C. J. Lynch Nutrient regulation of PKC{epsilon} is mediated by leucine, not insulin, in skeletal muscle Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, October 1, 2005; 289(4): E684 - E694. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Doi, I. Yamaoka, M. Nakayama, S. Mochizuki, K. Sugahara, and F. Yoshizawa Isoleucine, a Blood Glucose-Lowering Amino Acid, Increases Glucose Uptake in Rat Skeletal Muscle in the Absence of Increases in AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Activity J. Nutr., September 1, 2005; 135(9): 2103 - 2108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. G. Cammisotto, Y. Gelinas, Y. Deshaies, and L. J. Bukowiecki Regulation of leptin secretion from white adipocytes by insulin, glycolytic substrates, and amino acids Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, July 1, 2005; 289(1): E166 - E171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Nishitani, K. Takehana, S. Fujitani, and I. Sonaka Branched-chain amino acids improve glucose metabolism in rats with liver cirrhosis Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, June 1, 2005; 288(6): G1292 - G1300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. S. Nair and K. R. Short Hormonal and Signaling Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids J. Nutr., June 1, 2005; 135(6): 1547S - 1552S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. E. Matthews Observations of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Administration in Humans J. Nutr., June 1, 2005; 135(6): 1580S - 1584S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Escobar, J. W. Frank, A. Suryawan, H. V. Nguyen, S. R. Kimball, L. S. Jefferson, and T. A. Davis Physiological rise in plasma leucine stimulates muscle protein synthesis in neonatal pigs by enhancing translation initiation factor activation Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, May 1, 2005; 288(5): E914 - E921. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. C. Dreyer and E. Volpi Role of Protein and Amino Acids in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Sarcopenia J. Am. Coll. Nutr., April 1, 2005; 24(2): 140S - 145S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Kubica, D. R. Bolster, P. A. Farrell, S. R. Kimball, and L. S. Jefferson Resistance Exercise Increases Muscle Protein Synthesis and Translation of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2B{epsilon} mRNA in a Mammalian Target of Rapamycin-dependent Manner J. Biol. Chem., March 4, 2005; 280(9): 7570 - 7580. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. K. Reiter, S. J. Crozier, S. R. Kimball, and L. S. Jefferson Meal Feeding Alters Translational Control of Gene Expression in Rat Liver J. Nutr., March 1, 2005; 135(3): 367 - 375. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J. Crozier, S. R. Kimball, S. W. Emmert, J. C. Anthony, and L. S. Jefferson Oral Leucine Administration Stimulates Protein Synthesis in Rat Skeletal Muscle J. Nutr., March 1, 2005; 135(3): 376 - 382. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Prod'homme, M. Balage, E. Debras, M.-C. Farges, S. Kimball, L. Jefferson, and J. Grizard Differential effects of insulin and dietary amino acids on muscle protein synthesis in adult and old rats J. Physiol., February 15, 2005; 563(1): 235 - 248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. I. Baum, J. C. O'Connor, J. E. Seyler, T. G. Anthony, G. G. Freund, and D. K. Layman Leucine reduces the duration of insulin-induced PI 3-kinase activity in rat skeletal muscle Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, January 1, 2005; 288(1): E86 - E91. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. R. Kimball, B. A. Siegfried, and L. S. Jefferson Glucagon Represses Signaling through the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin in Rat Liver by Activating AMP-activated Protein Kinase J. Biol. Chem., December 24, 2004; 279(52): 54103 - 54109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X.-j. Zhang, D. L. Chinkes, and R. R. Wolfe Leucine Supplementation Has an Anabolic Effect on Proteins in Rabbit Skin Wound and Muscle J. Nutr., December 1, 2004; 134(12): 3313 - 3318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. K. Layman Protein Quantity and Quality at Levels above the RDA Improves Adult Weight Loss J. Am. Coll. Nutr., December 1, 2004; 23(suppl_6): 631S - 636S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. H. Lang and R. A. Frost Differential effect of sepsis on ability of leucine and IGF-I to stimulate muscle translation initiation Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, October 1, 2004; 287(4): E721 - E730. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. R. Kimball, J. P. O'Malley, J. C. Anthony, S. J. Crozier, and L. S. Jefferson Assessment of biomarkers of protein anabolism in skeletal muscle during the life span of the rat: sarcopenia despite elevated protein synthesis Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, October 1, 2004; 287(4): E772 - E780. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D. Sans, S.-H. Lee, L. G. D'Alecy, and J. A. Williams Feeding activates protein synthesis in mouse pancreas at the translational level without increase in mRNA Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, September 1, 2004; 287(3): G667 - G675. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Liu, G. Li, S. R. Kimball, L. A. Jahn, and E. J. Barrett Glucocorticoids modulate amino acid-induced translation initiation in human skeletal muscle Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, August 1, 2004; 287(2): E275 - E281. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. R. Bolster, T. C. Vary, S. R. Kimball, and L. S. Jefferson Leucine Regulates Translation Initiation in Rat Skeletal Muscle Via Enhanced eIF4G Phosphorylation J. Nutr., July 1, 2004; 134(7): 1704 - 1710. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. K. Layman and J. I. Baum Dietary Protein Impact on Glycemic Control during Weight Loss J. Nutr., April 1, 2004; 134(4): 968S - 973S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Liu, Y. Wu, E. W. Nicklas, L. A. Jahn, W. J. Price, and E. J. Barrett Unlike insulin, amino acids stimulate p70S6K but not GSK-3 or glycogen synthase in human skeletal muscle Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, April 1, 2004; 286(4): E523 - E528. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. G. Brodsky, D. Suzara, T. A. Hornberger, P. Goldspink, K. E. Yarasheski, S. Smith, J. Kukowski, K. Esser, and S. Bedno Isoenergetic Dietary Protein Restriction Decreases Myosin Heavy Chain IIx Fraction and Myosin Heavy Chain Production in Humans J. Nutr., February 1, 2004; 134(2): 328 - 334. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. H. Lang, R. A. Frost, N. Deshpande, V. Kumar, T. C. Vary, L. S. Jefferson, and S. R. Kimball Alcohol impairs leucine-mediated phosphorylation of 4E-BP1, S6K1, eIF4G, and mTOR in skeletal muscle Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, December 1, 2003; 285(6): E1205 - E1215. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R.T. Jagoe and M.P.K.J. Engelen Muscle wasting and changes in muscle protein metabolism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Eur. Respir. J., November 2, 2003; 22(46_suppl): 52s - 63s. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Hashimoto and H. Hara Dietary Amino Acids Promote Pancreatic Protease Synthesis at the Translation Stage in Rats J. Nutr., October 1, 2003; 133(10): 3052 - 3057. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Lynch, B. Halle, H. Fujii, T. C. Vary, R. Wallin, Z. Damuni, and S. M. Hutson Potential role of leucine metabolism in the leucine-signaling pathway involving mTOR Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, October 1, 2003; 285(4): E854 - E863. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. R. Kimball, R. A. Orellana, P. M. J. O'Connor, A. Suryawan, J. A. Bush, H. V. Nguyen, M. C. Thivierge, L. S. Jefferson, and T. A. Davis Endotoxin induces differential regulation of mTOR-dependent signaling in skeletal muscle and liver of neonatal pigs Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, September 1, 2003; 285(3): E637 - E644. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Volpi, H. Kobayashi, M. Sheffield-Moore, B. Mittendorfer, and R. R Wolfe Essential amino acids are primarily responsible for the amino acid stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in healthy elderly adults Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2003; 78(2): 250 - 258. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. S. Jefferson and S. R. Kimball Amino Acids as Regulators of Gene Expression at the Level of mRNA Translation J. Nutr., June 1, 2003; 133(6): 2046S - 2051. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Rieu, C. Sornet, G. Bayle, J. Prugnaud, C. Pouyet, M. Balage, I. Papet, J. Grizard, and D. Dardevet Leucine-Supplemented Meal Feeding for Ten Days Beneficially Affects Postprandial Muscle Protein Synthesis in Old Rats J. Nutr., April 1, 2003; 133(4): 1198 - 1205. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. K. Layman, H. Shiue, C. Sather, D. J. Erickson, and J. Baum Increased Dietary Protein Modifies Glucose and Insulin Homeostasis in Adult Women during Weight Loss J. Nutr., February 1, 2003; 133(2): 405 - 410. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. K. Layman The Role of Leucine in Weight Loss Diets and Glucose Homeostasis J. Nutr., January 1, 2003; 133(1): 261S - 267. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Liu, L. A. Jahn, L. Wei, W. Long, and E. J. Barrett Amino Acids Stimulate Translation Initiation and Protein Synthesis through an Akt-Independent Pathway in Human Skeletal Muscle J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2002; 87(12): 5553 - 5558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Liu and E. J. Barrett Human protein metabolism: its measurement and regulation Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, December 1, 2002; 283(6): E1105 - E1112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Lynch, B. J. Patson, J. Anthony, A. Vaval, L. S. Jefferson, and T. C. Vary Leucine is a direct-acting nutrient signal that regulates protein synthesis in adipose tissue Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, September 1, 2002; 283(3): E503 - E513. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Anthony, C. H. Lang, S. J. Crozier, T. G. Anthony, D. A. MacLean, S. R. Kimball, and L. S. Jefferson Contribution of insulin to the translational control of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle by leucine Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, May 1, 2002; 282(5): E1092 - E1101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. R. Kimball Regulation of Global and Specific mRNA Translation by Amino Acids J. Nutr., May 1, 2002; 132(5): 883 - 886. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. D. Houghton1, J. A. Hawkhead, P. G. Humpherson, J. E. Hogg, A. H. Balen, A. J. Rutherford, and H. J. Leese Non-invasive amino acid turnover predicts human embryo developmental capacity Hum. Reprod., April 1, 2002; 17(4): 999 - 1005. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. C. Anthony, A. K. Reiter, T. G. Anthony, S. J. Crozier, C. H. Lang, D. A. MacLean, S. R. Kimball, and L. S. Jefferson Orally Administered Leucine Enhances Protein Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle of Diabetic Rats in the Absence of Increases in 4E-BP1 or S6K1 Phosphorylation Diabetes, April 1, 2002; 51(4): 928 - 936. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Dardevet, C. Sornet, G. Bayle, J. Prugnaud, C. Pouyet, and J. Grizard Postprandial Stimulation of Muscle Protein Synthesis in Old Rats Can Be Restored by a Leucine-Supplemented Meal J. Nutr., January 1, 2002; 132(1): 95 - 100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S. Greiwe, G. Kwon, M. L. McDaniel, and C. F. Semenkovich Leucine and insulin activate p70 S6 kinase through different pathways in human skeletal muscle Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, September 1, 2001; 281(3): E466 - E471. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. G. Anthony, J. C. Anthony, F. Yoshizawa, S. R. Kimball, and L. S. Jefferson Oral Administration of Leucine Stimulates Ribosomal Protein mRNA Translation but Not Global Rates of Protein Synthesis in the Liver of Rats J. Nutr., April 1, 2001; 131(4): 1171 - 1176. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Anthony, T. G. Anthony, S. R. Kimball, and L. S. Jefferson Signaling Pathways Involved in Translational Control of Protein Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle by Leucine J. Nutr., March 1, 2001; 131(3): 856S - 860. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Tremblay and A. Marette Amino Acid and Insulin Signaling via the mTOR/p70 S6 Kinase Pathway. A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM LEADING TO INSULIN RESISTANCE IN SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS J. Biol. Chem., October 5, 2001; 276(41): 38052 - 38060. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. R. Kimball, P. A. Farrell, H. V. Nguyen, L. S. Jefferson, and T. A. Davis Developmental decline in components of signal transduction pathways regulating protein synthesis in pig muscle Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, March 1, 2002; 282(3): E585 - E592. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
