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Milner Library, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-8900
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONREFERENCESBIBLIOGRAPHY |
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KEY WORDS: • American food habits • diet history
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONREFERENCESBIBLIOGRAPHY |
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, on the experiment
station dietary studies. The previous paper cited the majority of the
experiment station publications on actual diet studies whose data were
collected from ~1880 through 1941. The current bibliography is
broader in scope. It includes some publications that do not
specifically describe diets. They do all address the question of what
people were eating at the time, and the researchers opinion of that
diet. Although there are not always data that can be used to actually
evaluate the diet, there is valuable information about the foods
available and used by a variety of people. All of the cited works will
be useful to add to the history of food habits in America for the first
part of this century. They are also a valuable record of the dietary
standards that researchers thought were necessary for adequate
nutrition and good health habits. It is also interesting to note the
variety of ills that were once thought to result from dietary causes. Comparing the data from these early studies may not be an exact match for the data currently available. But much of the data were collected as rigorously as any data are today. Analyzing the available data should be a rich addition to the literature concerning what Americans were actually eating. The data in the publications cited here and in the previous paper allow us to address the question whether today’s diet is better or worse than the diet in the early part of the 20th century.
Interest in human food habits was not new in the late 1800s, nor is
interest in food history new today. Although this and the previous
bibliography address only the period from ~1870 to 1941, there are a
few publications before that time in this country. See, for example,
the article by C. F. Langworthy (1910)
on John
Stanton Gould, who published a dietary report in 1852 on diets for
institutions.
Finding the citations and then locating the publications proved to be a
challenge. The early medical index (Index Medicus)
reported few normal diets, although there were citations to diets for
various disease states. The agricultural index (Office of Experiment Stations 1889
) cited mainly the experiment station
studies, although some others were included. The chemical index
(American Chemical Society 1907
) proved to be very
helpful for the early years especially. This was not too surprising
because many of the earliest dietary researchers were chemists,
especially agricultural chemists. The biology index (BioScience Information Services of Biological Abstracts 1926
) was also
useful. Many of the citations were found by using the citations in the
publications themselves, rather than from an index. There are also
citations that no longer seem to be available, or at least not through
interlibrary loan. There were also a number of articles, even in
scientific publications, that had no citations even though they
referred to specific research. As always, incomplete and inaccurate
citations are a researcher’s and a librarian’s nightmare.
There are many citations in the indexes that are not listed here. Many of these citations were opinion pieces or were addressed to the public in very general terms; they have not been included except for a few that had some specific data or seemed to be unique enough to be of value. Also not listed are the studies that concerned only a single nutrient unless the author(s) reported the whole diet. For example, there are many nitrogen balance studies reported beginning ~1900.
The many cost of living studies produced by several different government agencies over the years represent one valuable source that is not complete in this bibliography. A few of them have been cited because they seemed to give more extensive data on food used than some of the other studies. The one cited in the bibliography by Wright and Atwater (1886) may be among the first produced in the United States.
The bibliography orders citations by date. The types of studies are clearly related to the date published. Early studies were concerned with protein, carbohydrates and fat. Later studies begin to include vitamins and minerals as those were identified. There also is an era in which master’s theses and doctoral dissertations specifically related to food habits begin to appear. These were often written by women. Unfortunately, this is a section of the literature that is very difficult to access. There are a few dissertation citations included in this bibliography. They come from the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC)’s WorldCat, Dissertation Abstracts and citations in the other publications listed here. Only those that could be obtained through interlibrary loan are included here. Because some libraries have not yet cataloged all of their materials, and/or do not catalog with OCLC, or copies were not sent to Dissertation Abstracts, there are likely many more theses and dissertations available than are listed here.
Manuscript received January 31, 2000. Revision accepted April 4, 2000.
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REFERENCES |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONREFERENCESBIBLIOGRAPHY |
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1. American Chemical Society (1907–) Chemical abstracts.
2. BioScience Information Services of Biological Abstracts. (1926–) Biological abstracts.
3.
Dirks R., Duran N. Experiment station dietary studies prior to World War II: a bibliography for the study of changing American food habits and diet over time. J. Nutr. 1998;128:1253-1256
4. Index Medicus: a monthly classified record of the current medical literature of the world. (1879–1899, 1903–1927) Various publishers.
5. Langworthy C. F. John Stanton Gould: a pioneer student of institution dietetics in America. J. Home Econ. 1910;2:310-317
6. Office of Experiment Stations (1889–1946) Experiment Station Record.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONREFERENCESBIBLIOGRAPHY |
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Flint, A., Jr. (1871) On the physiological effects of severe and protracted muscular exercise; with especial reference to the influence of exercise upon the excretion of nitrogen. N.Y. Med. J. 13: 609–697. [detailed study of Edward Weston, pedestrian].
Wright, C. D. & Atwater, W. O. (1886) Food consumption: quantities, costs, and nutrients of food-materials. In: The Seventeenth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor, pp. 239–328. Wright & Potter Printing Co., State Printers, Boston, MA. [237 men; boarding house; inventory method; families and boarding houses in Massachusetts and Canada; tables with food and major nutrients].
United States Bureau of Labor (1891) Cost of Production. Iron, Steel, Coal, etc. 6th Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, 1890. Part III, pp. 605–end. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. [cost of living of 326 families in industry; quantity of 13 food items].
United States Bureau of Labor (1892) Cost of Production: The Textiles and Glass. 7th Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, 1891. Part III. pp. 857–end. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [cost of living of 5284 families in industry; quantity of certain food items].
Richards, E. H. & Talbot, M. (1894) Food as a Factor in Student Life: A Contribution to the Study of Student Diet. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. [women’s dormitory University of Chicago; Oct 1893–April 1894; 106 students and 25 staff; cost and composition of foods purchased; menus for 3 wk].
Pilgrim, C. W. (1895a) The dietary of the New York State hospitals. Am. J. Insanity 52: 228–233. [table of supplies for 30 d].
Pilgrim, C. W. (1895b) The dietary of the New York State hospitals with added notes. Proc. Am. Psychol. Assoc. 2: 91–111. [see also Pilgram (1895a); same paper but with comments from meeting].
Richards, E. H. (1895) Notes on hospital dietaries. Am. J. Insanity 52: 214–217. [average dietary for state hospital for the insane].
Munson, J. D. (1896) Asylum dietaries. Proc. Am. Psychol. Assoc. 1895. 2: 112–120. [Northern Michigan Asylum; foods used for one-quarter year].
Talbot, M. (1896) A practical experiment in the study of dietaries. Rev. Reviews 13: 300–302. [This is a limited report of a study of the foods purchased in a women’s hall at the University of Chicago over a 2-y period. Study not found].
Langworthy, C. F. & Beal, W. H. (1897) Dietary study of Sandow, the "strong man." In: State of Connecticut, Ninth Annual Report of the Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, Storrs, Connecticut, 1896, pp. 158–162. Felton and King, Middletown, CT. [1-d diet for one person].
Atwater, W. O. & Bryant, A. P. (1898) Studies of dietaries. In: State of Connecticut, Tenth Annual Report of the Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, Storrs, Connecticut, pp. 130–153. Felton and King, Middletown, CT. [more reports of diet studies; a man in the Adirondacks being treated for consumption, two relatives of this man, a farmer’s family in New York, a private boarding house].
Clark, J. F. (1898) What the people of Iowa eat. Med. News 73: 193–196. [speech; questionnaire; Jefferson County; general information; some menus included].
Atwater, W. O. (1901) Dietaries of insane hospitals and other public institutions. Conf. Charities Corrections, Natl. Proc., pp. 173–185. [summary of studies; average per person per day].
Tower, O. F. (1901a) Dietary studies at Western Reserve University. West Reserve Univ. Bull. ser. 4: 146–164. [May 1901; 14-d inventory method; men’s hall (n = 63) and women’s hall (n = 55); gives cost and amount of foods; waste recorded].
Tower, O. F. (1901b) Some results of recent dietary studies in the United States. West Reserve Univ. Bull. ser. 4: 47–63. [summary of studies but no citations; gives one study of a man and wife by inventory method; foods used reported].
Chapin, T. F. (1902) Dietaries. Conf. Charities Corrections, Natl. Proc., pp. 453–462. [Lyman School for Boys (reform school); several week’s menus].
Atwater, W. O. (1903) The demands of the body for nourishment and dietary standards. In: Annual Report of the Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, 1903, Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, Middletown, CT, pp. 123–146. [table pp. 134–137 summary of results of dietary studies includes grams protein, fat and carbohydrates].
Bailey, E. H. (1903) A study of dietaries at Lawrence, Kansas. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 18: 49–53. [speech, no citations; reports study of diets; foods with protein, fat, carbohydrates, calories for 22 students for 65 d].
Wright, C. D. (1903) Cost of living and retail prices of food. 18th Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, 1903. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. [25,440 families of workmen; 124,108 persons; 33 states; principal industrial centers; native and foreign born, colored included but not separately; income >$1200 annual; schedules for 1 y, mainly 1901; survey; details of family, earnings, expenditures; detailed expenditure of 2567 families including major foods; detailed food for 11,156 "normal" families; table per person per day; "principal articles of food"; tables by state, nationality of husband, total for state and nationality; total cost of food by family size; also tables of retail prices of food].
Pratt, H. A. & Milner R. D. (1904) Dietary Studies at the Government Hospital for the Insane, Washington, DC. USDA, Office of Experiment Stations Bull. 150. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. [specific amounts of foods used].
Benedict, A. L. (1906) A dietetic study. Boston Med. Surg. J. 154: 521–522. [author’s diet].
Fisher, I. (1906) Dietetic experiments at Yale University. Lake Placid Conference. Home Econ. Proc. 8: 76–78. [details to be published later (not found); 9 students; began January for 4.5 mo; special diet to improve strength].
Forman, S. E. (1906) Conditions of Living among the Poor. Bull. Bur. Labor 64. Bureau of Labor, Washington, DC. [daily expenditures; 19 families; 5 wk; foods by group].
Goodyear, C. (1906) Household budgets of the poor: an inquiry into the dietary standards and habits of a group of tenement house families in New York City. Charities Commons 16: 191–197. [typical family menu].
Hunt, A. (1908) Some figures. Ill. Agric. 12: 146–148. [cooperative boarding club at University of Illinois; 9 wk beginning mid-September; sample menus; some costs and percentage spent by food groups].
Newton, R. C. (1908) The diet of some strenuous persons. Diet Hyg. Gaz. 24: 705–708. [very general description].
Institute for Colored Youth at Cheyney (1909) Applied Domestic Science Daily Menus for the School Year and a Dietary Study for October. Press of E. A. Wright, Philadelphia, PA. [teachers training school; daily menus for 1907–1908; dietary study October 1908; all food materials with weight and cost prepared; net for proteins, fat, carbohydrates; per person per day; menus November to July but out of order].
Sill, E. M. (1909) A study of malnutrition in the school child. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 52: 1981–1985. [speech; discussion of problem; table of 210 malnourished children asked mother what they ate at meals; results tabulated; very general; describes other living conditions].
Hollopeter, W. C. (1910) The school child’s breakfast. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 53: 1727–1730. [speech; percentage who ate or did not eat certain foods].
Lundberg, E. O. (1910) Parsimony in nutrition. Survey 23: 728–730. [correction in Experiment Station Record (1910) 23: 169. reports two family diet studies].
Bevier, I. (1912) Dietetic standards for various households. National Education Association of the United States. J. Proc. Addresses: 974–983. [Addresses and Journal of Proceedings of the American Normal School and the National Teacher’s Association.] [An address discussing standards and recommending what to eat. Cites some studies.].
Vogt, P. L. (1913) A rural survey in southwestern Ohio. Miami [Ohio] Univ. Bull. 11 ser. #8, Oxford, OH. [series on Ohio rural life survey: 1912; 21 counties studied, four discussed here; general view of life and economic conditions in relation to social life; written records and personal interviews used; describes physical area, farming and economics, social statistics, health and health care, moral aspects, church strength, schools, organized recreation, tenantry].
Swain, F. L. (1914) The Use of Dietary Studies in the Care of Dependent Families. Master’s thesis. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. [families from United Charities food aid, Cook County; ration issued per person and dollar value; four families; demographics of housing, income, staple foods; supplies used; 4-wk menus for one family; dates of study not given].
Sydenstricker, E. (1915) The prevalence of pellagra: its possible relation to the rise in the cost of food. Public Health Rep. 30: 3132–3148. [summary of studies; gives some averages from several studies of various foods used].
Talbot, M. (1915) A study of student diet. J. Home Econ. 7: 409–416. [reprint of Richards and Talbot 1894].
American Medical Association (1916) The food consumption of adolescent boys. [editorial] J. Am. Med. Assoc. 67: 814–815. [report on study by Gephart on 355 boys in boarding schools; gives protein, fat, carbohydrates, and calories for total results; no citation].
Craig, F. A. & Landis, H.R.M. (1916) A study of the diet in dispensary patients. Assoc. Am. Phys. Trans. 31: 79–98. [inventory method; percentage of calories and total calories for families, no foods listed].
Wilson, R. J. & Rathburn, W. L. (1916) A study on food, and the fuel value of the dietary at the New York City Municipal Sanitarium. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 66: 1760–1765 [4 wk; 1913; TB diet; describes diet and diet study to determine best diet for patients].
Eaves, L. (1917) Food of Working Women in Boston. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, State Department of Health. Wright & Potter, Boston, MA. [cost of food is compared to that in other large cities; four studies: women who ate lunch away from home considered by background, types of food, and if carried from home or purchased; the expenditures for food of women who live away from their families; expenditure, types of foods, and adequacy of food in organized houses; and, dispensary patients with preventable diseases that are complicated by diet].
Gephart, F. C. (1917) Report of a dietary study of St. Paul’s School, Concord, New Hampshire. Boston Med. Surg. J. 176: 17–21. [350 boys 14–18 y old; inventory method; 1914–1915; protein, fat, carbohydrate, calories; major food items].
Gibbs, W. S. (1917) The Minimum Cost of Living: A Study of Families of Limited Income in New York City. Macmillan, New York, NY. [expense accounts of 75 families in detail; all families widows on welfare with 2–8 children; had been taught budgeting].
Gillett, L. H. (1917) A Survey of Evidence Regarding Food Allowances for Healthy Children. Publication No. 115. Bureau of Food Supply, The New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, New York, NY. [survey of published studies; 88-item bibliography].
Gillet, L. H. (1917) The relation of food economics to the nutritive value of the diet. Proc. Natl. Conf. Soc. Work: 227–231. [speech; discussion of adequacy from study].
League for Preventive Work (Boston, MA). (1917) Food Supply in Families of Limited Means: A Study of Present Facts of the Food Problem in Boston Families. League for Preventive Work, Boston, MA. [six welfare agencies collaborated, selected people from clients; personal interview with mother; 200 questionnaires; recall of week of July 8, 1917 purchases; describes families, i.e., nationality, residence, number, income; proportional expenditure by food groups, food as a percentage of income; no tables of purchases or actual foods].
Sherman, H. C. & Gillett, L. H. (1917) Adequacy and Economy of Some City Dietaries. Bureau of Food Supply Publ. No. 121. The New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, New York, NY. [food adequacy; number of families using some common foods; 102 family dietaries; 1914–1915; amount (weighed) and cost for 7 d; New York City, n = 87; Cleveland, OH, n = 9; Long Beach, CA, n = 5; Stamford, CT, n = 1; fairly detailed table of cost of foods purchased].
Findley, J. (1918) Dietary studies made in the Missouri state hospitals for the insane. Mod. Hosp. 11: 306–308. [four hospitals; March to May 1917; sample menus].
Goldberger, J., Wheeler, G. A. & Sydenstricker, E. (1918) A study of the diet of nonpellagrous and of pellagrous households in textile mill communities in South Carolina in 1916. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 71: 944–949. [preliminary report of work; daily food].
Hess, A. F. & Unger, L. J. (1918) Diet of the Negro mother in New York City. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 70: 900–902. [fall 1916 to winter 1917; ~75 women; recall chart; five weighed records; 15 measured dietaries; discusses cooking methods of vegetables and meat; mostly by food groups].
Macleod, A. L. & Griggs M. A. (1918) Dietary study at Vassar College. J. Home Econ. 10: 97–107. [February 1917; 1 dining hall; 115 people; 2-wk inventory method; typical menu; total foods consumed].
Murlin, J. R. (1918) Diet of the U.S. army soldier in the training camp. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 71: 950–951. [survey of 227 mess halls; gives ration and amount consumed].
Wilder, S. Z. (1918) A Dietary Study in the Juvenile Detention Home, Cook County, Illinois. Master’s thesis. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. [summer 1917; temporary home for wayward children; 100 children; 55 boys, 9–17 y old;18 girls, 14–17 y old; children 2–17 y old; children 5–17 y old; inventory with waste subtracted; protein, fat, calories, Ca, P, Fe per person per day].
Winslow, E. A. (1918) "My money won’t reach;" the Experience of 377 Self-Supporting Families in New York City in Endeavoring to Make Their Incomes Provide the Essentials for Healthful Living. Committee on Home Economics. Charity Organization Society, New York, NY. [written to show that times not good for all; four areas of Manhattan; interviews].
Hoskins, R. G. (1919) American military hospital dietaries. Am. J. Physiol. 49: 578–587. [summary of ration study for a week].
Howe, P. E., Mason, C. C. & Dinsmore S. C. (1919) Variations in strength and in the consumption of food by recruits and seasoned troops. Am. J. Physiol. 49: 557–566. [average food consumption per person per day for protein, fat, carbohydrates, calories for three successive weeks; several different companies].
Murlin, J. R. & Hildebrandt, F. M. (1919) Average food consumption in the training camps of the United States Army. Am. J. Physiol. 49: 531–556. [1917–1918; 67 camps; food supplied and wasted per person per day; distribution of nutrients].
Bevier, I. (1920) Dietary studies. J. Home Econ. 12: 63–67. [300 people in shared homes; 7 d; macronutrients].
Bailey, E.H.S. (1921) A Dietary Study of Some Kansas Institutions under the Control of the State Board of Administration. Kansas State Printing Plant, Topeka, KS. [6-mo to 1-y studies 1917–1920; all foods issued, per capita food use; comparison of institutions; refers to these as abstracts but does not cite a report].
Congdon, L. A. (1921) A study of the army ration and its relation to the height and weight of soldiers in army cantonments. Mil. Surg. 48: 569–580. [1917–1918; food per person per day; protein, fat carbohydrate by company].
Koehne, M. (1921) A practical problem in dietetics. J. Home Econ. 13: 501–505. [October; college students living at home; inventory by food category; 1 wk; percentage of foods from food groups].
State Training School. (1921) A Study in Nutrition: Report of a Study of the Dietary and Weights for One Year (1919–1920) of the Inmates of the State Training School Winfield, Kansas. Kansas State Printing Plant, Topeka, KS. [see Bailey (1921); diet noted, 467 inmates ages 5 mo to 71 y; grouped 0–15 y (n = 128), 16–30 y (n = 287), 31–50 y (n = 86), 51+ y (n = 30); food based on supplies issued for kitchens and bakery for 10 mo; also data for a 28-d period; menus for 2 d at each study period].
Proudfit, F. (1922a) A survey of the health, habits and customs of the mountain white and Negro race in the South. Hosp. Soc. Serv. 6: 15–23. [read at meeting; general description].
Proudfit, F. T. (1922b) Food habits and customs of the Negro race in the South. Hosp. Soc. Serv. 5: 233–241. [speech, general description].
Roberts, L. (1922) The Nutrition and Care of Children in a Mountain County of Kentucky. U.S. Department of Labor, Children’s Bureau, Publication 110. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. [winter1919–1920.; 123 families, 256 children; all native white; all children in selected area; 149 (58%) of children received physical exam; describes economic and home conditions, water supply, health habits; general descriptions of foods used].
Miller, L. A. (1923) A Study of the Diet at Mary Berry Hall, Simpson College, Indianola, Iowa. Master’s thesis. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. [women’s dormitory, Simpson College; 57 women, 17 men; inventory method; all foods used].
Mudge, G. G. (1923) Italian dietary adjustments. J. Home Econ. 15: 181–185. [12 families each in New York City, Boston, Detroit, 2 in Memphis; inventory method, 1 wk; reported as cost and percentage of expenditure].
Newell, F., & Miller, E. W. (1923) The effect of adding orange juice to the diets of underweight children. J. Home Econ. 15: 241–248. [14 children K-4; nine had physical exams; consumption for 2 d (beginning and end) for each; calories, protein, Ca, P, vitamin C].
Goodhue, A. L. (1924) A Study of the Diets of Healthy Children from 2 to 6 Years by the Individual Method. Master’s thesis. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. [nutrients per child; 31 children with superior health; 16 boys, 15 girls, 2–6 y old; private homes, moderate to well-to-do families; medical exam; individual method dietary; 1-d record plus description of next 7 d food by mother; questionnaire on health history and habits].
Mudge, G. G. (1924) Polish dietary studies. Mod. Hosp. 22: 503–504. [36 weekly records; Chicago, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, New Bedford; gives proportion spent for food].
Podzimkova, M. (1924) A Study in Nutrition and Ways of Living of Slovak Children of Preschool Age in the Union Stockyards District in Chicago, with a Brief Discussion of the Slovak Cultural Life at Home and in America, from an Historical, Social, and Political Point of View. Master’s thesis. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, [50 families; University of Chicago Settlement House; mostly young families, 1st generation immigrants; low-income; medical exam of 45 kindergarten children; typical menu for 1 d for family; diet-narrative, no specific study data; appendix: describes individual families, some tables, some use of food tables].
Hogue, R. J. (1925) The Value of the Inventory Dietary Study Tested by the Individual Method on Twelve Polish Families. Master’s thesis. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. [compared inventory method (family) to individual; questions current guide to what is needed by children; 12 Polish families (part of ADA study); inventory 1 wk with 51 children; individual 73 people; no record of foods].
Imlay, F. A. (1925) A Study of the Food Consumption and Food Habits of Young Children and the Extent to Which They May Be Modified by the Nursery Lunch. Master’s thesis. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. [University cooperative nursery school; January 19 to June 18, 1925?; 32 records; 2–5 y old; 21 home consumption studies; weighed records and diet history questionnaire 1 d; medical exams, meal pattern served given; calories, Ca, P, Fe, vitamins A, B, C; percentage of protein, fat, carbohydrates for home; health habits].
Roberts, L. J. & Waite, M. (1925) A dietary study made in a day nursery by the individual method. J. Home Econ. 17: 80–88 and 17: 142–148. [mostly calories and milk; 50 preschool children].
Robinson, V. (1925) A Study of the Food and Health Habits of the Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Grades of Two St. Paul Grade Schools, with Special Consideration of the Underweight and Overweight Group. Master’s thesis. University of Minnesota. [strong bias against overweight but not underweight; food and health habits questionnaire; interview of under/overweight; 46 cases; no diet intake report; main interest milk, fruit, vegetables, coffee, pickles, sweets; protein].
Elizabeth McCormick Memorial Fund. (1926) An Investigation of the Health of School Children: A Two Year Study of the Physical Status of the Children of the Elementary Schools of Oak Park, Illinois. Elizabeth McCormick Memorial Fund, Chicago, IL. [physical and dental examinations, anthropometic measurements, all compared with school progress; 1922–1923; 1423 children, 6–14 y old, white, 1045 examined twice; nothing on diet].
Kramer, M. M. & Grundmeier, E. (1926) Food selection and expenditure in a college community. J. Home Econ. 18: 18–23. [20 usable surveys from student boarding plans; record of foods served; discussion of nutrients; distribution of cost by food groups].
Mudge, G. G. (1926) A comparative study of Italian, Polish and Negro dietaries. J Am. Diet. Assoc. 1: 166–173. [107 families; inventory method; 1 wk].
Raitt, E. (1926) Feeding problems in college communities. West. Diet 1: 11–13, 38, 39. [12 houses for women at University of Washington, January and February 1926; reports cost, calories, protein, minerals; amounts of meat, milk, vegetables].
Fetterman, J. C., Shillinger, M.L.C. & Irvin, R. R. (1927) Coffee and milk drinking habit of school children. Nation’s Health 9: 31–33, 72. [survey of all children in Allegheny County PA schools; fall 1926].
Hollopeter, W. C. (1927) The school child’s breakfast. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 53: 1727–1730. [speech; percentage who ate or did not eat certain foods].
Searle, G. (1927) A Dietary Study in a Home Management House. Master’s thesis. Iowa State College, Ames, IA. [inventory method with recipes noted based on planned diet; 8 girls; record of between meal eating; 6-d pretest then 4-wk study; tried varied diets; compares with other studies; cites two methods but the difference is very confusing; menus; average per person; February 13 to March 12].
Stene, J. A. (1927) Diets, Methods of Living, and Physical Condition of the Sioux Indians of the Crow Creek Reservation. Master’s thesis. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. [recall questionnaire; 67 families; major foods used].
Blanshan, R. A. (1928) A Dietary Study of Two Groups of College Men. Master’s thesis. Iowa State College, Ames, IA. [two groups of male students; 28 d, November 6 toDecember 4, 1927; (A) 24 men, mean age 22 y; (B) 21 men, mean age 21 y; record of activity, height, weight, etc., self-report; inventory method, waste determined; ash, fat, protein, carbohydrates, energy per group; meals served; food record stated as not complete because did not include between meal eating].
Emerson, W.R.P. (1928) Health habits in a women’s college. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 90: 1434–1435. [20-question questionnaire developed to measure health habits].
Searle, G. N. & Arnold, R. M. (1928) A comparison of the individual and the inventory methods of dietary study. J. Home Econ. 20: 84–88. [8 women; compared two methods; reports protein, fat, carbohydrate, Ca, P, Fe, calories; gives consumption by classes of foods].
Standeford, W. F. (1928) A Preliminary Investigation of the Health Habits and Health Knowledge of School Children. Master’s thesis. University of Washington, Seattle, WA. [Burke, Idaho, mining town, 1924–25; health knowledge of school children determined by school-administered questionnaire; some tables and comments on some food habits; no diet records; many health habits and conditions noted].
Stene, J. A. & Roberts, L. J. (1928) A nutrition study on an Indian reservation. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 3: 215–222. [general description, may be easier to find than the thesis but not as complete].
Woodruff, S. (1928) A dietary analysis. J. Home Econ. 20: 414–416. [one family in Lawrence, KS; 7 mo, September 1926 toMarch 1927; percentage of money spent on food groups; averages for calories, protein, P, Ca, Fe].
Boggs, E. G. (1929) Survey of the Nutrition of Colored Families in Chicago. Master’s thesis. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. [50 colored families; questioned mother on intake of individual members of the family; health exams of 52 of the preschool children; 24-h recall and food frequency used; gives table of foods used by at least one family on the recall day; discusses average use of food groups; table of typical foods/meal pattern; rough estimate table of intake for calories, protein, vitamins and minerals; notes other health habits, e.g., sleep, fresh air, care of teeth, food refusals, overweight or thin, marked signs of rickets; condition of teeth].
Gee, W. & Stauffer, W. H. (1929) Rural and Urban Living Standards in Virginia. Virginia Institute for Research in the Social Sciences, Monograph 6. The Institute for Research in the Social Sciences, University, VA. [study1928–1929; table compares two groups for some standards of nutrition; no diet records; gives a table of food consumed per person per day averaged for all and compared by farm and urban].
Goldberger, J., Wheeler, G. A., Sydenstricker, E. & King, W. I. (1929) A Study of Endemic Pellagra in Some Cotton-Mill Villages of South Carolina. Treasury Department, United States Public Health Service, Hyg. Lab. Bull. 153. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. [chapter considers seasonal variety of diet compared with pellagra incidence; one table of average daily diet per person per day; variety of foods consumed for whole village].
Hawley, E. (1929) Nutritive value of foods consumed by city and farm families in Virginia. In: Rural and Urban Living Standards in Virginia (Gee, W. & Stauffer, W. H., eds.), Institute Monograph No. 6. The Institute for Research in the Social Sciences, University, VA. [consumed per person per day; 1928–1929; 300 white only].
Odell, R. M. (1929a) Improving the Dietary Habits of a Rural Community: Three Years of Nutrition Work in Cattaraugus County. Milbank Memorial Fund, New York, NY. [survey reported elsewhere; 100 families; 7-d inventory method; tried to get good sample of community; collected over 1-y period 1924–1925].
Odell, R. M. (1929b) Nutrition, an Important Part of the Rural Health Education Problem as Shown by the Program in Cattaragus County. Master’s thesis. New York University, not published. [published in Odell 1929a].
Sullivan, L. M. (1929) A Dietary and Institutional Survey of Two Iowa State Schools. Iowa State College, Ames, IA. [March and April 1929; school for the deaf, n = 331 students, 5–35 y old, 83 staff; school for the blind, n = 150 students, 4–37 y old, 42 staff; both prepared food in central kitchen; inventory method; nutritive value by food groups; inventory of foods used; typical menus].
White, V. C. (1929) Food Consumption of Pre-School Children in an Orphanage. Master’s thesis. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. [Chicago Orphan Asylum; 3–6 y old; generally healthy; in two parts (1) lunch at nursery, 25 children individual intake for 3 wk; (2) full day’s meals, 10 children all consumption for 7 d; (1) samples of menus; waste subtracted, plates were served but seconds allowed; recorded calories, protein, Ca, P, Fe; (2) 5 boys, 5 girls, 3–6 y old who "had normal appetite"; waste recorded; recipes computed; mean weight/height for age; recorded same as (1) plus vitamins A, B C; menu given for 7 d].
Department of Labor. (1930) Standard of living of employees of Ford Motor Company in Detroit. Month Lab. Rev. 30: 1209–1253. [1930; average of food for total group and list of foods used, recall survey].
Johnson, L. M. & Chaney, M. S. (1930) Dietary habits of junior high school girls. West. Hosp. Rev. 16: 55–58. [October to May; 54 girls, 12–16 y old enrolled in home economics course in Kansas; small town and farm families; four 3-d food records from each (October, December, February, May); discusses foods, tables of adequacy].
White House Conference on Health and Protection. (1930) Growth and Development of the Child. Part III: Nutrition, pp. 390–420. Washington, DC. [has international list of studies, not comprehensive; very general].
Gillett. L. H. & Rice, P. B. (1931) Influence of Education on the Food Habits of Some New York City Families. New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, New York, NY. [ 1914–1915 and 1928–1929: 120. families each time; food category].
Hawks, J. E. (1931) A study of Chinese American children. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 7: 203–223. [22 children in Chicago; mostly 1st generation American; two consecutive days weighed records by trained observer; nutrients not foods].
Heller Committee for Research in Social Economics of the University of California. (1931) Cost of Living Studies: III. The Food of Twelve Families of the Professional Class, vol. 5, pp. 247–293. University of California Publications in Economics, 1928–1931. Reprint edition, 1966. [based on food purchased; 3 mo+ records; not random sample; data reported by food groups; average pounds used reported; one family’s menu for 1 wk; discussion of foods used].
Hess, C. L. (1931) Food Consumption and Concentration of Preschool Children as Influenced by Various Experimental Procedures. Master’s thesis. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. [experiments on appetite of preschool children; menus served during study; parents well educated; 9 children, 1–5 y old; describes individual children].
Howe, P. E. & MacCormick, A. H. (1931) A study of the diets of federal prisoners. Am. J. Public Health Nation’s Health 21: 993–998. [macronutrients per person per day for several prisons].
McLaughlin, L., Tarwater, M., Lowenberg, M. & Koch, G. (1931) Vegetables in the diets of preschool children. J. Nutr. 4: 115–125. [six nursery school children; individual weighed diet; average consumption of vegetables and milk].
McLeland, B. E. (1931) Contribution to the Problem of Length of Time of Sampling Periods in Dietary Studies. Master’s thesis. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. [two children for 42 d (siblings) 2 and 4 y old; physical exam; January and February 1931; not poor or wealthy; day’s typical menu; recorded daily weight, minutes of rest, outdoor play; food records reported].
Shukers, C. F., Macy, I. G., Donelson, E., Nims, B. & Hunscher, H. A. (1931) Sources of nutrients chosen by women during pregnancy, lactation, and reproductive rest. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 7: 235–251. [three women; 1927–29; 3–10 consecutive day records at monthly intervals; reports calories from food groups].
Winters, J. C. (1931) A report on the health and nutrition of Mexicans living in Texas. Texas Univ. Bur. Res. Soc. Sci., Study No. 2, Texas Univ. Bull. 3127. [65 families; San Antonio, 20 low income and 20 higher income; Austin, 25 mixed income; inventory method for 1 wk; reported by two standards; foods used; cost of diets; second part is a study of infants and preschool children; San Antonio, n = 50; Austin, n = 26; 266 children; prenatal care noted; diet recorded for 75 2- to 5-y olds for 1 wk; interviews with mother; foods used].
Winters, J. C. (1931) Comparative dietary studies of American children of nursery school age. Am. J. Public Health 21: 1003–1012. [1-wk food intake; 50 Negro, 50 American, 75 Mexican normal weight children, 2–5 y old; Austin and San Antonio; calories, protein, Ca, P, Fe; discussion gives some food usage].
Coons, C. M. & Schiefelbusch, A.T. (1932) The diets of college women in relation to their basal metabolism. J. Nutr. 5: 459–465. [18 college women; weighed diet various days; daily intake for calories and protein].
Fairbank, E. (1932) A Dietary Study of Eleven Fitter Families of Kansas. Master’s thesis. Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS. [Kansas Free Fair booth offered clinic to score mental and physical fitness of family; highest scores received certificate of "Fitter Families of Kansas"; selected from these for weighted inventory and food habits inventory for 1 mo; cost and amount per person per day per family based on food groups; 30 adults, 27 children; comments on food habits].
Heinrich, D. L. (1932) Dietary Habits of Elementary School Children. Doctoral thesis. New York University, New York, NY. [describes methods; data collected by teachers; recall data from children based on specific foods; food frequency; a few examples of menus; reports averages].
Rose, M. S., Robb, E. & Borgeson, G. M. (1932) The food consumption of nursery school children. Child Dev. 3: 29–42. [fall 1926 to spring 1930; 163 children, 18–30 mo old; records of food eaten at home kept by mother; distribution of calories by food groups].
Sandels, M. R. & Grady, E. (1932) Dietary practices in relation to the incidence of pellagra. I. A study of family dietaries in Leon County, Florida. Arch. Intern. Med. 50: 363–372. [16 families with pellagra and 13 families without; data collected for four seasons; 7-d records inventory method; calories and protein from food groups; person per day amount by food groups].
Winters, J. C. (1932) A study of the diet of Mexicans living in Texas. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 8: 47. [diet of family and of infant and preschool child; San Antonio and Austin; 65 families, intake records kept for 1 wk; children from 76 mothers, 266 children, recall; diet records kept on 65 children 2–5 y old for 1 wk; reports calories, protein, P, Ca, Fe per/d basis; percentage nutrients from categories of foods; distribution of costs by categories].
Childs, A. B. (1933) Some dietary studies of Poles, Mexicans, Italians, and Negroes. Child Health Bull. 9: 84–91. [inventory method; 1-d menu given for each; food preferences; no nutrient data].
Coons, C. M. (1933) Dietary habits during pregnancy. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 9: 95–106. [4- to 6-d weighed records; 15 women over 48 periods for 212 total days; average daily consumption calories, protein, fat, carbohydrates, Ca, P, Fe].
Forgey, D. M. (1933) Food Choice in the Cafeteria and Its Influence on the Adequacy of the Diet. Master’s thesis. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. [university cafeteria; 50 regular customers, generally graduate students; 3 mo March to May less spring break; irregular attendance noted for weekends; 10-d menus published; kept record of each student for 10 d; table of average daily intake per man for calories, protein, Ca, P, Fe, cost; table of intake related to cost; intake varied for each man].
Okey, R. & Smythe, B. B. (1933) The foods chosen by dependent families: an analysis of the food purchased by 25 families dependent on the Berkeley Welfare Society in May 1932. University of California, Berkeley, CA. [foods chosen by families receiving welfare; April to June 1932].
Wiehl, D. G. (1933) Diets of low-income families in New York City. Milbank Mem. Fund Q. Bull. 11: 308–324. [277 families, 1 wk; preliminary report; 1933; recall by homemaker of last week; calories per person per day; portion of diet by food group; table of foods per week for Italian families; table of milk used].
Bray, M. M., Hawks, J. E. & Dye, M. (1934) Food consumption of preschool children. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 10: 309–316. [20 children, 33–61 mo old; weighed food records for 3 or 4 d; average foods eaten by food groups; range of intake].
Koehne, M. & Morrell, E. (1934) Food requirement of girls from six to thirteen years of age. Am. J. Dis. Child. 47: 548–558. [28 hospitalized girls; uniform diet; individual intake by calories, protein, fat, carbohydrate].
Koehne, M. & Morrell, E. (1934) Food requirement of girls from six to thirteen years of age. Am. J. Dis. Child. 47: 548–558.
Latzke, E. (1934) A study of the diets selected by college students from a college cafeteria. J. Home Econ. 26: 107–114. [1930; two 10-d periods, winter and spring; observed trays as selected; number selecting food groups; discussion of food groups chosen; nutrients supplied per person per day; average cost paid per meal].
Okey, R. & Luck, M. G. (1934) Nutritive Value of Foods Purchased by Dependent Families: A Study of Grocery Orders of 233 Families on Relief in Alameda County, California. University of California, Berkeley, CA. [15+ mimeographed pages; only copy available in extremely poor condition (Interlibrary Loan from University of California, Berkeley, CA)].
Wiehl, D. G. (1934) Diet of urban families with low incomes. Milbank Mem. Fund Q. 12: 343–369. [average amount per week by food groups].
Wiehl, D. G. (1934) Diets of low-income families in Cleveland, Detroit, and Syracuse. Milbank Mem. Fund Q. 12: 35–46. [300 families; food by categories].
Cowles, M. I. (1935) A study of winter food consumption in Wisconsin farm families. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 11: 322–330. [109 rural families; December 1933 to January 1934; food records for 1 wk for family; high, average, low incomes represented; percentages derived from food groups; number of households deficient in nutrients; cost in relation to adequacy; discussion but no food records].
Okey, R. & Luck, M. G. (1935) Nutritive value of foods purchases by dependent families: a study of grocery orders of 233 families on relief in Alameda County, California (mimeo). J. Home Econ. 27: 57. [review of 1934 report; gives brief results].
Wheeler, L. R. (1935) Changes in the dietary habits of remote mountain people since 1900. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 10: 167–174. [speech; winter/spring 1933–34; questionnaire; 7-d records for 296 children; compares results with earlier studies of the area cited in the article].
Wheeler, R. & Mallay, R. (1935) A study of food freely selected by a college cooperative housekeeping group. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 10: 453–458. [1933–1934; Vassar; 28 women; limited budget; some foods].
Spolestra, G. (1936) A Study of the Diets of Ten Low-Income Families. Master’s thesis. Kansas State College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Manhattan, KS. [relief families; inventory method; 28 consecutive days; table of family members; eight in Manhattan, two nearby but not farmers; family per person per day; calories per food group].
Wiehl, D. G. (1936) Diets of low-income families surveyed in 1933. Public Health Rep. 51: 77–97. [Baltimore, Birmingham, Cleveland, Detroit, New York, Pittsburgh, Syracuse, cotton mill area in South Carolina, coal-mining district West Virginia; 100 families 1 wk each location except New York, which included 276 families; April to June; calories based on income; average pounds per week by food groups].
Cole, C. V. (1937) The Diets of Ten Low-Income Negro Families in Manhattan, Kansas. Master’s thesis. Kansas State College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Manhattan, KS. [10 low income families; 28 d; all in Manhattan; inventory method; forms included; 22 adult and 39 children; average nutrients per family; distribution of calories by food groups].
O’Brien, A. T. (1937) Nutritional Status of Nursery School Children of Families of Medium and High Income Levels. Master’s thesis. The Pennsylvania State College, not published. [ 3rd in series (1) Providencia Urgall, 1936 (2) Mary Loenie Malley, (no date) at Penn State nursery school; medium to high income; spring-summer 1936; medical and anthropometric; rate physical home; home diet mother’s recall questionnaire; includes specific data gathered on all 23 children].
Sorenson, H. L., & Gilboy, E. W. (1937) The economics of low-income diets. Q. J. Econ. 51: 663–680. [1935; Cambridge, MA; weekly cost and calorie content; consumption compared with adequate diet by food groups].
Stiebeling, H. K. (1937) Some previews of an analysis of American diets. Med. Woman’s J. 44: 313–317. [table compares different regions by cost for several foods/food groups].
Buck, H. E. (1938) The Diets of Ten Low-Income White Families. Kansas State College, Manhattan, KS. [28-d study, 2 counties, 1936 and 1938; inventory method examples of tally sheets included; mostly interested in cost; gives average percentage of nutrients from various food groups].
Hanselman, E. M. & Northrop, M. W. (1938) A comparative study of food intakes of various groups of patients in a county hospital. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 14: 339–342. [300 patients; Seattle; major nutrient consumption].
Oppenheim, D. A. (1938) An inquiry into the dietary of a Negro group. Med. Woman’s J. 45: 360–365. [July to August 1938; New York City; general description is very descriptive; table of one typical child’s diet].
Sanders, A. P. (1938) A Study of the Dietary Habits and Nutritional Status of One Hundred Pennsylvania Families. Doctoral thesis. Pennsylvania State University, not published. [100 families; dietary intake to need computed by family for several nutrients; recall records for heritage, family income, education level of adults, physical aspects of home, nutrition education; dietary intake by inventory of foods consumed, both purchased and produced; 40 families kept records for 3 mo; 60 families kept records for 2 wk; intake of families for nutrients, not variety of foods; money spent per types of foods purchased].
Carpenter, T. M. & Steggerda, M. (1939) The food of the present day Navajo Indians of New Mexico and Arizona. J. Nutr. 18: 297–305. [1934–1936; analysis of foods; general discussion of diet but not statistics].
Kooser, J. H. & Blankenhorn M. A. (1939) Pellagra and the public health: a dietary survey of Kentucky mountain folk in pellagrous and in non-pellagrous communities. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 116: 912–915. [food-frequency survey; February to May 1939; 330 rural families, 93 in coal camp; percentages of families using certain foods/food groups].
Morris, S. O. & Bowers, M. (1939) A study of the diets of one hundred college women students. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 15: 338–362. [Utah State Agricultural College nutrition students 1-wk food consumption record; 100 selected for adequacy of record; estimated measurement of food consumed; grouped by living arrangement; calories, protein, minerals, vitamins; frequency by food groups].
Wells, L. P. (1939) Food Consumption of Fourteen Children at the WPA Nursery School, Corvallis, Oregon. Master’s thesis. Oregon State College, Corvallis, OR. [children 23–63 mo old; all low economic level; height/weight compared with standard; recorded food at home; investigator kept records at school; 1-wk records; table of number of servings of types of foods and number of servings per week per child at home; calories, protein, fat, carbohydrate, at home per child; menus given for lunch for 2 wk of study; average and range of weights of foods eaten by children 2–3 and 4–5 y old].
Wiehl, D. G. & Palmer, C. E. (1939) Summer diets of the poor in Washington, DC. Milbank Mem. Fund Q. 17: 5–28. [1938; 600 families both on and not on relief, white and Negro; survey of meals for a 2-d period by interview; record from June and July for each family; data for cost by food groups; pounds per week by food group; calories, protein, Ca, Fe both average and by cost of diet].
Bailey, F. (1940) Navaho foods and cooking methods. Am. Anthropol. 42: 270–290. [description of food preparation from observation and discussion with Navajo women].
Bayer, L. M. (1940) Diet of adolescent girls with special reference to nutritional state and dental caries. J. Pediatr. 16: 56–68. [80 adolescent girls; Oakland CA; 1932–1939; no specific diets but discusses findings].
Borsook, H. & Halverson, W. L. (1940) Nutrition and health in Pasadena. Am. J. Public Health 30: 895–900. [1938; 50 families; inventory method; macronutrients described in discussion].
Bryant, H. L. (1940) A Dietary Study of Normal, Healthy Negro Children. Master’s thesis. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. [spring to early summer 1932; well nourished children from nursery school referral; physical exam; 11 2- to 4-y olds, all at or above standard weight/height for age; 7-d diet study with weighed food, samples tested for calories and nitrogen; total calories and range of intake per child, per kg, per inch].
Foote, R. & Eppright, E. S. (1940) A dietary study of boys and girls on a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 16: 222–229. [50 children; 14–19 y old; 30 d; boarding school; nutrients by subject].
Lautz, A., Carter, C. & Ferguson, S. (1940) Meat, sea food, eggs, and milk in the self-selected diets of college men and women. J. Home Econ. 32: 615–616. [random check of trays to compare meat selection between men and women].
Shaw, M. M. (1940) A study of the food habits of eighty college students. J. Home Econ. 32: 614–15. [90 students; 2-d food record; percentage of students using food groups].
Smail, R.J.A. (1940) Adequacy of the Diets of a Group of Low Income Families in the Jane Addams Housing Project. Master’s thesis. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. [intent was to determine adequacy of diets; 23 families plus 27 more interviewed; inventory method but not all purchased was weighed; waste was recorded; low income being considered for housing project; outside food not recorded; nutrients].
Woodbury, R. M. (1940) Methods of Family Living Studies, Income, Expenditures, Consumption. International Labor Office Studies and Reports Series N (Statistics) No. 23. International Labor Office, London. [summary of prewar studies; what and how to collect data; chapter on food consumption surveys].
Zayaz, S. L., Mack P. B., Sprague, P. K. & Bauman, A. W. (1940) Nutritional status of school children in a small industrial city. Child Dev. 11: 1–25. [December 1936 to January 1937; 428 children; interview of parent; physical exam; average weekly intake by food group].
Bovee, D. L. & Downes, J. (1941) The influence of nutrition education in families of the Mulberry area of New York City. Milbank Mem. Fund Q. 19: 121–146. [July 1937 to December 1939; 135 families; percentage of children in each group using specific foods before and after nutrition education; discussion of foods used].
deGive, M. L. & Cussler, M. T. (1941) Interrelations between the Cultural Pattern and Nutrition: A Study of a Village of 300 Inhabitants in the Coastal Plain of a Southwestern State, Extension Service Circular 366. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. [sociology of a rural area; no place given; examples of menus, foods raised].
Jackson, P. & Schnuck, C. (1941) Nutritional adequacy of foods purchased by college women on limited and more liberal food budgets. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 17: 784–789. [two 12-wk studies; Purdue; March to June, September to December, 1939; inventory method; cost and calories by food group; some nutrient values].
Kooser, J. H. & Blankenhorn, M. A. (1941) Pellagra and the public health: a dietary survey of Kentucky mountain folk in pellagrous and in non-pellagrous communities. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 116:912–915. [food-frequency survey; February to May 1939; 330 rural families, 93 in coal camp; percentages of families using certain foods/food groups].
Youmans, J. B. (1941) An assessment of the nutrition of a rural population in Tennessee. Am. J. Public Health 31: 704–708. [dietary records and physical assessment preliminary report only; see also Youmans et al., 1942, 1943a, 1943b, 1944a and 1944b].
Allen, M. J. (1942) The Diet of a Group of Elderly People with Special Reference to Vitamin C. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. [ home for the aged, all >60 y old; October 1941; 7 women, 3 men, 62–93 y old; 2-wk weighed records, waste deducted, snacks reported, 3 d evaluated; menus given for 4 d; no intake records].
Fuller, R. W. (1942) The Effect of Home Produced Foods upon the Eating Habits of Pre-School Children in Henderson County, Texas. Master’s thesis. Prairie View State N&I College, [Texas], [50 Negro preschool children, 2–6 y old, Henderson City, TX; two groups, home produced food and not, n =25/group; October 1941; child’s food habits from interview with mother, amounts and/or times eaten per week; worked from list of commonly eaten foods (not specific, e.g., fruit) and number of times in 1 wk; total for each group and compared with standard].
Mack, P. B., Smith, J. M., Logan, C. H. & O’Brien, A. T. (1942) Mass studies in human nutrition: nutritional status of children in a college community. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 18: 69–78. [147 children; mostly 5th grade, 1937–38; 1-wk dietary records kept by adult in family; physical exam; weekly intake of various foods].
Milam, D. F. (1942) A nutrition survey of a small North Carolina community. Am. J. Public Health 32: 406–412. [cotton mill community; seasonal variations were noted; 1940–41; averages for nutrients and by season].
Pittman, M. S., McKay, M. A., Kunerth, B. L., Patton, M. B., Edelblute, N. & Cox, G. (1942) The caloric intakes of twenty-seven college women. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 18: 449–453. [27 women; calories only].
Price, M. & Gallup, G. (1942) Food Habits and Home Production of Food: A Study of 256 Farm Families in Preble and Harrison Counties, Ohio 1941. Ohio State University and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Cooperating Agricultural Extension Service, Columbus, OH. [April to May; data on family; number of families who used various foods in preceding week given by food groups; foods raised].
Reynolds, M. S., Ohlson, M. A., Pittman, M. S., McKay, H., Patton, M. B., Donelson, E., Leverton, R., Meiller, E. J. & Bitting, M. H. (1942) Dietary habits of college students. J. Home Econ. 34: 379–384. [compares six schools; 1936–1940].
Wiehl, D. G. (1942) Medical evaluation of nutritional status. VII. Diets of high school students of low-income families in New York City. Milbank Mem. Fund Q. 20: 61–82. [April 1939 to February 1940; 2000 high school students; New York City; interview with parent and child; macronutrients, vitamins, minerals].
Youmans, J. B., Patton, E. W. & Kern, R. (1942) Surveys of the nutrition of populations. Description of the population, general methods and procedures, and the findings in respect to the energy principle (calories) in a rural population in middle Tennessee. Am. J. Public Health 32: 1371–1379. [describes the subjects; see also Youmans 1941, 1943a, 1943b, 1944a and 1944b].
Adams, M. E. (1943) A Study of the Food Consumption Habits of a Group of Farm Families in Alabama. Master’s thesis. University of Alabama. [consumption of "basic foods"; July to August; survey method; 282 farm families; 93% on aid from Farm Security Administration; had trained workers available; 7% neighbors of above; data on family, housing, other activities, sanitation, length of time on farm; tenants and small owners, no sharecroppers but many not on farm >2 y; about half each north and south of state; standard, Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council; number of servings in seven categories; Part II concerns attempt to introduce new food, i.e., soybeans].
Downes, J. (1943) A study of food habits of tuberculous families in a Harlem area of New York City. Milbank Mem. Fund Q. 21: 164–181. [1939–1941; 215 families; adequacy of food groups].
Hardy, M. C., Spohn, A. Austin, G. McGiffert, S., Mohr, E. & Peterson A. B. (1943) Nutritional and dietary inadequacies among city children from different socio-economic groups. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 19: 173–181. [January 1939 to August 1941; percentage of subjects using certain foods/food groups].
Kelly, H. T. & Sheppard, M. (1943) A dietary study of subjects from upper income groups. N. Engl. J. Med. 228: 118–124. [1940; 225 patients and 223 not under medical supervision; questionnaires of food habits and 7-d record; deficiencies per nutrient].
Leichsenring, J. M., Donelson, E. G., Deinard, H. H., Pittman, M. S., Cooprider, M. & Haggart, V. (1943) Diets of 524 high school girls. J. Home Econ. 35: 583–586. [524 high school girls in Minnesota and Kansas; 1939 and 1940; servings per week for food groups; average intake by nutrients; discussion includes some specific foods].
McMillan, T. J. & Leverton R. M. (1943) Self-chosen diets of college girls in a co-operative dormitory. J. Home Econ. 35: 514–518. [1941–1942 school year; 36 home economics students in dormitory; quantities used by food groups; gives cost and nutrients].
Youmans, J. B., Patton, E. W. & Kern, R. (1943a) Surveys of the nutrition of populations: description of the population, general methods and procedures, and the findings in respect to the energy principle (calories) in a rural population in middle Tennessee. Part 2. Am. J. Public Health 33: 58–72. [Part 3 of the description of the study; see also Youmans 1941, 1942, 1943b, 1944a and 1944b].
Youmans, J. B., Patton, E. W., Sutton, W. R., Kern, R., & Steinkamp, R. (1943b) Surveys of the nutrition of populations. 2. The protein nutrition of a rural population in middle Tennessee. Am. J. Public Health 33: 955–964. [Part 4 of the same report. There is little direct dietary evidence in these reports but they do describe physical conditions. There may be more reports that I have not located; see also Youmans 1941, 1942, 1943a, 1944a and 1944b].
Evans, C. J. & Lubschez, R. (1944) A comparison of diets of school children in New York City in 1917 and 1942. J. Pediatr. 24: 518–523. [531 school children; January 1917; repeated study in 1942 and compared; percentage of children eating particular foods at each time; average intake for each group].
Greenwood, M. L. & Lonsinger, B. N. (1944a) Food intake of college women: caloric intake and energy requirement. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 20: 524–527. [7 d, 203 members of advanced classes in nutrition; 1941 and 1942; see Greenwood and Lonsinger (1944b); average intake data].
Greenwood, M. L. & Lonsinger, B. N. (1944b) Food intake of college women: protein, calcium, phosphorus, and iron. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 20: 671–75. [see Greenwood (1944a)].
Wiehl, D. G. (1944) Medical evaluation of nutritional status. XV. Caloric intake of high school students in New York City. Milbrook Mem. Fund Q. 22: 5–40. [two schools in New York City: private high school, n = ~300; public school, n = ~2000; 2-d diet history; calories only reported].
Youmans, J. B., Patton, E, W., Sutton, W. R., Kern, R., & Steinkamp, R. (1944a) Surveys of the nutrition of populations. 3. The vitamin A nutrition of a rural population in middle Tennessee. Am. J. Public Health 34: 368–378.
Youmans, J. B., Patton, E. W., Sutton, W. R., Kern, R. & Steinkamp, R.G. (1944b) Surveys of nutrition of populations. 4. The vitamin D and calcium nutrition of a rural population in middle Tennessee. Am. J. Public Health 34: 1049–1057.
Milam, D. F. (1945) Average dietary intakes in two North Carolina rural counties, 1940 and 1944. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. J. 61: 211–217. [bibliography of all reports; surveys of state for malnutrition starting in 1940; 7-d diet records from two different counties at different times compared; average daily intake of several major foods and food groups; table of average nutrients].
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