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Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONREFERENCES |
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KEY WORDS: • diet • chemoprevention • cancer
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONREFERENCES |
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, World Cancer Research Fund 1997
). Of
particular relevance is the consistent cancer-protective effect
reported for individuals consuming increased quantities of fruits and
vegetables compared with those with low intakes. This cancer inhibitory
action by a variety of human nutrients derived from plants as well as
of nonnutritive plant-derived constituents (phytochemicals) has
been confirmed in different animal tumor models (Dragsted et al. 1993
, Pezzuto 1996
) and has led to an increased
emphasis on cancer prevention strategies in which these dietary factors
are utilized. There have been two major diet-related prevention
strategies that have evolved to combat cancer, i.e., cancer
chemoprevention and dietary cancer prevention, with appreciable overlap
existing between them. Generally, cancer chemoprevention is recognized
as the pharmacologic intervention with synthetic or naturally occurring
chemicals to prevent, inhibit or reverse carcinogenesis or prevent the
development of invasive cancer (Kelloff and Boone 1996
,
Kelloff et al. 1997
, Mayne and Lippman 1997
, Sporn 1991
). On the other hand, dietary
prevention is recognized as the changes in food consumption patterns
necessary to decrease cancer development (Goodman 1997
,
Schatzkin and Kelloff 1995
). The field of cancer
chemoprevention became more prominent and focused beginning in the late
1960s; at that time, Dr. Lee Wattenberg, one of the founders of the
field, conceptualized this strategy and suggested a mechanistic
framework that provided order to the diverse array of agents identified
(Wattenberg 1966
, 1985
and 1992
). The growth and
importance of the chemoprevention approach was underscored by the
establishment at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of the Laboratory
of Chemoprevention in the 1970s, a Chemoprevention Program in 1982 and,
eventually, the Chemoprevention Branch of the Division of Cancer
Prevention and Control. In 1998, THE MARCH-Coming Together to
Conquer Cancer, a grass-roots movement committed to the conquest of
cancer, issued a research task force report (The March 1998) compiled by scores of leading scientists, cancer
survivors and advocates. On the topic of cancer prevention, they
concluded that the "major areas of prevention research that promise
to have a significant impact on cancer incidence, and in certain
instances mortality, include behavioral modifications in tobacco use,
nutrition and diet, and chemoprevention."
In light of the considerable effort that has been expended by
scientists from the academic, governmental and private sectors in
identifying, characterizing and utilizing potential cancer
chemopreventive agents, it is reasonable to inquire about the progress
that has been made to date and the promise that this field holds in the
fight against cancer. The American Society for Nutritional Sciences
symposium entitled "Diet, Natural Products and Cancer
Chemoprevention: Progress and Promise" was therefore organized to
address in part these two issues. Dr. Gary Kelloff, Chief of the
Chemoprevention Branch at the NCI, reported on the progress that has
been made at the NCI in cancer chemopreventative agent development, and
Dr. Scott Lippman of the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, provided
insights into the promise of cancer chemoprevention in light of recent
clinical trials. In addition, examples of current clinical and
experimental research of particular relevance to cancer prevention were
highlighted. Dr. Reuben Lotan of the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center
discussed vitamin A and the retinoids, examples of agents with a
considerable history of development and clinical application. Dr.
Michael Gould of the University of Wisconsin presented recent data on
the monoterpenes, a group of compounds that have demonstrated
consistent efficacy in preclinical studies and are now being examined
for clinical effectiveness. Dr. Chung S. Yang of Rutgers University
provided a critical analysis of tea polyphenols, a group of dietary
chemicals that have been identified recently as having potential as
cancer chemopreventive compounds. Last, Dr. Michael Sporn of Dartmouth
Medical School discussed the development of synthetic derivatives of
naturally occurring triterpenoids as part of a strategy to enhance the
chemopreventive efficacy of natural products already identified as
active anticancer agents. The following reports contain presentations
from some of the symposium speakers. The contents of the presentations
of Drs. Gould, Kelloff, and Sporn are elaborated in recent publications
(Ariazi et al. 1999
, Kelloff et al. 1999
,
Lieberman et al. 1998
, Ripple et al. 1998
, Suh et al. 1998
). The collective insights
of the speakers provide evidence of the tremendous progress that has
been made in identifying and understanding the biological actions of
numerous chemopreventive compounds and underscore the need to increase
efforts to translate our present knowledge into effective tools to
reduce the prevalence and consequences of cancer.
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FOOTNOTES |
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2 Supported by the American Institute for Cancer Research and Thomas J. Lipton. Additional sponsorship was provided by the Diet and Cancer Research Interest Section of the American Society for Nutritional Sciences.
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REFERENCES |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONREFERENCES |
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1.
Ariazi E., Satomi Y., Ellis M., Haag J., Shi W., Sattler C., Gould M. Activation of the transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway and induction of cytostasis and apoptosis in mammary carcinomas treated with the anticancer agent perillyl alcohol. Cancer Res 1999;59:1917-1928
2. Dragsted L., Srube M., Larsen J. Cancer-protective factors in fruits and vegetables: biochemical and biological background. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1993;72(suppl. 1):116-135
3. Goodman G. Cancer prevention: contrasting dietary modification with intervention agents. Encycl. Cancer 1997;1:199-206
4. Kelloff G., Boone C. Cancer chemopreventive agents: drug development status II. J. Cell. Biochem. 1996;suppl. 26:
5. Kelloff G., Boone C., You M. Cancer chemoprevention agents. J. Cell. Biochem. 1997;suppl. 27:
6. Kelloff G., Lieberman R., Steele V., Boone C., Lubet R., Kopelovitch L., Malone W., Crowell J., Sigman C. Chemoprevention of prostate cancer: concepts and strategies. Eur. Urol. 1999;35:342-350[Medline]
7.
Lieberman R., Crowell J., Hawk E., Boone C., Sigman C., Kelloff G. Development of new cancer chemoprevention agents: role of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic and intermediate endpoint biomarker monitoring. Clin. Chem. 1998;44:420-427
8. Martinez M., Giovanucci E. Diet and the prevention of cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1997;16:357-376[Medline]
9. Mayne S., Lippman S. Cancer prevention: chemopreventive agents. DeVita V. Hellman S. Rosenberg S. eds. Cancer: Principles and Practices of Oncology 5th ed. 1997:585-599 Lippincott-Raven Publishers Philadelphia, PA.
10. Pezzuto J. Plant-derived anticancer agents. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1996;53:121-133
11. Ripple G., Gould M., Stewart J., Tutsch K., Arzoomanian R., Alberti D., Feirabend C., Pomplun M., Wilding G., Bailey H. Phase I clinical trials of perillyl alcohol administered daily. Clin. Cancer Res. 1998;4:1159-1164[Abstract]
12. Schatzkin A., Kelloff G. Chemo- and dietary prevention of colorectal cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 1995;31A:1198-1204
13. Sporn M. Carcinogenesis and cancer: different perspectives on the same disease. Cancer Res 1991;51:6215-6218[Medline]
14.
Suh N., Honda T., Finlay H., Barchowsky A., Williams C., Benoit N., Xie Q., Nathan C., Gribble G., Sporn M. Novel triterpenoids suppress inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) in mouse macrophages. Cancer Res 1998;58:717-723
15.
The March Report from the March research task force. Cancer Res 1998;58:5590-5627
16. Wattenberg L. Chemoprophylaxis of carcinogenesis: a review. Cancer Res 1966;26:1520-1526[Medline]
17.
Wattenberg L. Chemoprevention of cancer. Cancer Res 1985;45:1-6
18. Wattenberg L. Chemoprevention of cancer by naturally-occurring and synthetic compounds. Wattenberg L. Lipkin M. Boone C. Kelloff G. eds. Cancer Chemoprevention 1992:19-39 CRC Press Boca Raton, FL.
19. World Cancer Research Fund Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective 1997 American Institute for Cancer Research Washington, DC.
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