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School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, NV 89557 and * Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
2To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONOrigin and health hazards...Dietary manipulation of colonic...Evidence from canine and...Oligofructose in petfood...SUMMARYREFERENCES |
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KEY WORDS: • oligofructose • inulin • dogs • cats • petfood
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONOrigin and health hazards...Dietary manipulation of colonic...Evidence from canine and...Oligofructose in petfood...SUMMARYREFERENCES |
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, Clapper 1970
, Davis et al. 1977
) but suggest the
presence of a complex colonic bacterial population. This microbial
population was found to be diverse (34 genera including 129 species;
Balish et al. 1977
), to contain large numbers of
anaerobic bacteria (i.e., 1010 organisms/g dry
feces; Davis et al. 1977
) and to promote significant
colonic fermentation (Banta et al. 1979
). These colonic
bacterial species not only contribute to normal physiologic function
but also participate significantly in the causation or prevention of
various diseases by biotransforming a variety of ingested or endogenous
compounds to beneficial or harmful derivatives. This biotransformation
was suggested to influence drug efficacy, toxicity, carcinogenesis and
aging (Mitsuoka 1990
). There is evidence that the
composition of colonic microbiota can be altered by dietary
ingredients. For example, source and level of dietary protein were
found to influence the occurrence of pathogens (e.g., Clostridium
perfringens) in dog feces (Amtsberg et al. 1980
).
Therefore, the potential exists for dietary manipulation of colonic
fermentation by changing the composition of microbiota in the colon
toward a potentially more remedial community. |
Origin and health hazards of fecal odor components |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONOrigin and health hazards...Dietary manipulation of colonic...Evidence from canine and...Oligofructose in petfood...SUMMARYREFERENCES |
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, Tabor and Tabor 1985
, Williams 1959
) and are responsible for the malodor of the feces. These
compounds include ammonia, aliphatic amines (agmatine, cadaverine,
phenylethylamine, putrescine and tyramine), branched-chain fatty
acids (isobutyrate and isovalerate), indoles (indole, 3-methylindole
[skatole], 2-methylindole, 2,3-methylindole and 2,5-methylindole),
phenols (phenol, p-cresol and 4-ethylphenol), and volatile
sulfur-containing compounds (dimethyl disulfide, diethyl disulfide,
di-n-propyl disulfide and di-n-butyl disulfide)
(MacFarlane and Cummings 1991
). These compounds are
produced from amino acids by deamination (e.g., ammonia),
deamination-decarboxylation (e.g., short-chain fatty acids) or
decarboxylation (e.g., aliphatic amines) processes.
Many of these putrefactive compounds have adverse effects on
colonic health. Some of these fecal odor components have been
implicated as causes of colorectal cancer (Johnson 1977
,
Silverman and Andrews 1977
). Ammonia may promote
tumorigenesis (Lin and Visek 1991
, Visek 1978
). Phenol and p-cresol have been implicated in
colonic cancer (Bingham 1988
) and may exacerbate
diseases such as ulcerative colitis (Ramakrishna et al. 1991
). Despite the importance of the problem, no significant
control measures have been taken because of the lack of knowledge of
the relationship between diet and fecal odor components.
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Dietary manipulation of colonic fermentation |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONOrigin and health hazards...Dietary manipulation of colonic...Evidence from canine and...Oligofructose in petfood...SUMMARYREFERENCES |
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). Intake of prebiotics can significantly
modulate the colonic microbiota by increasing the number of specific
bacteria and thus changing the composition of the microbiota. In the
early 1990s, Terada et al. (1992 and 1993)
reported in
the dog and cat, respectively, that feeding lactosucrose, a prebiotic,
increased bifidobacteria while decreasing pathogenic organisms (i.e.,
C. perfringens).
Nondigestible oligosaccharides in general, and oligofructose in
particular, are prebiotics. They have been shown to stimulate the
growth of endogenous bifidobacteria, which, after a short feeding
period, become predominant in human feces (Gibson and Roberfroid 1995
). Oligofructose, for example, stimulated the growth of
bifidobacteria at the expense of others that are pathogens or less
desirable (i.e., bacteroides, clostridia and coliforms); these were
reduced in number to very low levels (Wang and Gibson 1993
). Bifidobacteria (a major group of saccharolytic bacteria)
constitute up to 25% of the total bacterial population in the gut of
adult humans (Kawase et al. 1981
), and their positive
biological activities have received much attention (Tamura 1983
).
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Evidence from canine and feline species |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONOrigin and health hazards...Dietary manipulation of colonic...Evidence from canine and...Oligofructose in petfood...SUMMARYREFERENCES |
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reported on
supplementation of dog diets with 1% oligofructose. This research
dealt with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and the results
indicated positive health responses to such supplementation. After an
adaptation period (46–51 d), oligofructose decreased (P
< 0.05) both aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacterial numbers
in fluid from both the duodenum and proximal part of the jejunum, as
well as in the duodenal mucosa.
In a study reviewed by Buddington and Sunvold (1998)
,
adult beagles were fed diets containing cellulose or beet pulp plus
oligofructose as the fiber source. Both groups had similar fecal
concentrations of total anaerobes and total aerobes, but dogs fed
oligofructose tended to have fewer Enterobacteriaceae and clostridia
and greater numbers of lactobacilli. In addition, dogs fed
oligofructose had longer and heavier small intestines, with more mucosa
and greater absorptive surface area.
In a study reviewed by Gruffydd et al. (1998)
, cats fed
diets containing 0 or 0.75% oligofructose had increased (P
< 0.05) fecal concentrations of lactobacilli (7.9 x 107 vs. 5.0 x 105). The cats fed oligofructose also had
decreased concentrations of C. perfringens (7.9 x 104 vs. 4.0 x 106)
(P < 0.10) and Escherichia coli (3.2
x 107 vs. 2.0 x 106) (P < 0.05) compared with
the controls. This may indicate that oligofructose supplementation
elicits a more remedial colonic microbial population.
In a recent study from our laboratory (E. A. Flickinger, A. R. Patil, H. S. Hussein and G. C. Fahey, Jr., unpublished data), 16 adult male beagles were fed a corn-based diet without or with 0.3, 0.6 or 0.9% supplemental oligofructose for 18 d. Dietary supplementation increased (P < 0.05) fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations. Fecal ammonia concentrations were numerically lower (P = 0.30) in the oligofructose-fed groups than in the control group (2.20 vs. 4.07 mg/g dry feces). Fecal concentrations of putrescine and cadaverine were numerically lower (P = 0.28) in all of the oligofructose-supplemented groups (putrescine = 0.54, 0.29, 0.30 and 0.20 and cadaverine = 0.20, 0.16, 0.06 and 0 mg/g dry feces for dogs fed 0, 0.3, 0.6 or 0.9% oligofructose, respectively). The dogs that were fed the highest level of oligofructose tended to have lower (P = 0.07) concentrations of total phenols (0.61 vs. 0.80 mg/g dry feces) and higher (P = 0.06) numbers of bifidobacteria (6.3 x 109 vs. 2.5 x 109 colony-forming units) in their feces compared with the control group.
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Oligofructose in petfood ingredients |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONOrigin and health hazards...Dietary manipulation of colonic...Evidence from canine and...Oligofructose in petfood...SUMMARYREFERENCES |
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). In this study, the concentrations of three major
subcomponents of oligofructose (i.e., 1-kestose
[GF2], nystose [GF3]
and 1F-ß-fructofuranosylnystose
[GF4]) in these ingredients were assayed. No
oligofructose was detected in corn, corn distiller's solubles, hominy,
milo, brown rice, white rice, brewer's rice, rice hulls, seaweed or
soybean meal. On a dry matter basis, wheat co-products (bran, germ
and middlings) contained the highest concentrations (0.40, 0.47 and
0.51%, respectively) of total oligofructose, followed by peanut hulls
(0.24%), alfalfa meal (0.22%), barley (0.19%) and wheat (0.14%).
The remaining ingredients (e.g., corn gluten meal, oats, rice bran,
beet pulp, soybean hulls and canola meal) contained very low
concentrations (<0.04%). This database should be expanded to include
other petfood ingredients; in addition, the analyses should be expanded
to include other oligosaccharide groups. |
SUMMARY |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONOrigin and health hazards...Dietary manipulation of colonic...Evidence from canine and...Oligofructose in petfood...SUMMARYREFERENCES |
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FOOTNOTES |
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|
REFERENCES |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONOrigin and health hazards...Dietary manipulation of colonic...Evidence from canine and...Oligofructose in petfood...SUMMARYREFERENCES |
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1. Amtsberg G., Drochner W., Meyer H. Influence of food composition on the intestinal flora of the dog. Anderson R. S. eds. Nutrition of the Dog and Cat 1980:181-188 Pergamon Press Oxford, U.K.
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4.
Balish E., Cleven D., Brown J., Yale C. E. Nose, throat, and fecal flora of beagle dogs housed in "locked" or "open" environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1977;34:207-221
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Bingham S. A. Meat, starch and nonstarch polysaccharides and large bowel cancer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1988;48:762-767
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