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Nutritional Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONPectin and gums"Resistant" starchesLactulose and related sugarsFructooligosaccharides and...REFERENCES |
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KEY WORDS: • oligofructose • inulin • pectin • fiber • minerals
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONPectin and gums"Resistant" starchesLactulose and related sugarsFructooligosaccharides and...REFERENCES |
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, Ink 1988
, van der Aar et al.
1983
). This depression of mineral absorption by cereal products
was related more to the phytate than to the fiber content of the
products (Brune et al. 1992
). The size of the fiber
particles (van der Aar et al. 1983
) and the amount of
calcium in the diet (Greger 1987
) also modified the
effect of cereal fiber on mineral absorption. The effect on mineral
absorption of various soluble carbohydrates that are poorly digested in
the small intestines of mammals was less consistent. These compounds
include pectin, various gums, "resistant" starches and certain
oligosaccharides. |
Pectin and gums |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONPectin and gums"Resistant" starchesLactulose and related sugarsFructooligosaccharides and...REFERENCES |
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, Ink 1988
,
van der Aar et al. 1983
). Similarly various
gel-forming gums (such as locust bean and karaya) have been found
to have limited effects on the overall retention of minerals in human
balance studies (Behall et al. 1987
). However,
Kim et al. (1996)
demonstrated that certain types of
pectin (i.e., low-molecular-weight pectins with a high degree of
esterification) increased iron absorption.
Ingestion of pectin and gums produces several changes in the cecum that
may influence mineral absorption. Rats chronically ingesting pectin and
gums (such as guar and arabic) generally had a reduced cecal pH,
increased cecal wall size and produced increased amounts of volatile
fatty acids in the cecum (Demigné et al. 1989
,
Seal and Mathers 1989
, Tulung et al. 1987
). Demigné et al. (1989)
reported that
rats fed pectin had greater fluxes of potassium, magnesium and calcium
from their ceca than rats fed fiber-free diets. Seal and Mathers (1989)
noted an increased transfer of zinc across the
colonic, but not duodenal or ileal mucosa.
The trophic effect of guar gum on the lower gut may be mediated by
enteroglucagon (Gee et al. 1996
). The release of
enteroglucagon was not due to delayed absorption in the guts of rats
fed guar gum because the ingestion of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, a
viscous nonfermentable polysaccharide, had no effect on plasma
enteroglucagon concentrations or on ileal crypt cell size (Gee et al. 1996
).
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"Resistant" starches |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONPectin and gums"Resistant" starchesLactulose and related sugarsFructooligosaccharides and...REFERENCES |
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found that although
ingestion of both types of resistant starch lowered the cecal pH and
increased the calcium concentrations in the liquid phase of the cecal
contents, only ingestion of the native resistant starch lowered the
ileal pH and increased the calcium and magnesium concentrations in the
liquid phase of the ileal contents. Only rats fed the native resistant
starch had improved calcium and magnesium absorption. |
Lactulose and related sugars |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONPectin and gums"Resistant" starchesLactulose and related sugarsFructooligosaccharides and...REFERENCES |
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) and
to a lesser extent lactose (Behling and Greger 1990
) has
been associated with improved absorption of calcium, magnesium and/or
zinc. The effect of these disaccharides could not be related to the
effects of their component sugars (Behling and Greger 1990
, Brommage et al. 1993
).
Ingestion of these resistant sugars resulted in cecal hypertrophy,
reduced pH of cecal contents and increased concentrations of volatile
fatty acids in the ceca (Demigné et al. 1989
).
However, Brommage et al. (1993)
demonstrated that
ingestion of lactulose, other resistant sugars and oligofructose
stimulated calcium absorption as much in rats with a cecectomy as in
controls. They hypothesized that, by distending the walls of the small
intestine, these osmotically active sugars increased the permeability
of the intracellular junctions to passive absorption of minerals.
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Fructooligosaccharides and inulin |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONPectin and gums"Resistant" starchesLactulose and related sugarsFructooligosaccharides and...REFERENCES |
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, Ohta et al. 1994
). Chronic
ingestion of inulin or oligofructose decreased or prevented the loss of
bone mass, calcium and phosphorus from the bones of gastrectomized rats
(Ohta et al. 1998
) and the loss of bone mineral density
by ovarectomized rats (Taguchi et al. 1994
).
The improved absorption of minerals in rats fed inulin and
oligofructose was associated with decreased pH of ileal, cecal and
colonic contents, hypertrophy of cecal walls, and increased
concentrations of volatile fatty acids, bile acids, calcium, phosphate,
and to a lesser extent magnesium in the cecal contents (Levrat et al. 1991
, Ohta et al. 1994
). Ohta et al. (1994)
reported that although ingestion of oligofructose
improved calcium and magnesium absorption in normal rats, only
magnesium absorption was increased in cecectomized rats. This suggested
that the effect of fermentation in the cecum was particularly important
for calcium absorption.
Cecal fermentation and absorption may be more important in rats than
humans. Van den Heuvel et al. (1998)
observed no effect
of ingestion of oligofructose and inulin on calcium and iron absorption
in human adults, but did observe an increased absorption of calcium in
adolescents upon oligofructose ingestion (Van den Heuvel et al. 1999
). Coudray et al. (1997)
noted that inulin
improved the absorption of calcium, but not the absorption of
magnesium, iron and zinc in humans.
Future work should address the mechanisms by which ingestion of nondigestible carbohydrates improves mineral absorption. The relative importance of the mechanisms may vary with the type and amount of nondigestible carbohydrate and of the mineral in the diet.
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FOOTNOTES |
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REFERENCES |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONPectin and gums"Resistant" starchesLactulose and related sugarsFructooligosaccharides and...REFERENCES |
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1. Baig M. M., Burgin C. W., Cerda J. J. Effect of dietary pectin on iron absorption and turnover in the rat. J. Nutr. 1983;113:2385-2389
2.
Behall K. M., Scholfield D. J., Lee K., Powell A. S., Moser P. B. Mineral balance in adult men: effect of four refined fibers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1987;46:307-314
3. Behling A. R., Greger J. L. Importance for lactose in yogurt for mineral utilization. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1990;38:200-204
4. Brommage R., Binacua C., Antille S., Carrié A. L. Intestinal calcium absorption in rats is stimulated by dietary lactulose and other resistant sugars. J. Nutr. 1993;123:2186-2194
5. Brune M., Rossander-Hulté L., Hallberg L., Gleerup A., Sandburg A. S. Iron absorption from bread in humans: inhibiting effects of cereal fiber, phytate and inositol phosphates with different numbers of phosphate groups. J. Nutr. 1992;122:442-449
6. Coudray C., Bellanger J., Castiglia-Delavaud C., Rémésy C., Vermorel M., Rayssignuier Y. Effect of soluble or partly soluble dietary fibres supplementation on absorption and balance of calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc in healthy young men. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1997;51:375-380[Medline]
7. Delzenne N., Aertssens J., Verplaetse H., Roccaro M., Roberfroid M. Effect of fermentable fructo-oligosaccharides on mineral, nitrogen and energy digestive balance in the rat. Life Sci 1995;57:1579-1587[Medline]
8. Demigné C., Levrat M. A., Rémésy C. Effects of feeding fermentable carbohydrates on the cecal concentrations of minerals and their fluxes between the cecum and blood plasma in the rat. J. Nutr. 1989;119:1625-1630
9. Gee J. M., Lee-Finglas W., Wortley G. W., Johnson I. T. Fermentable carbohydrates elevate plasma enteroglucagon but high viscosity is also necessary to stimulate small bowel mucosal cell proliferation in rats. J. Nutr. 1996;126:373-379
10. Greger J. L. Mineral bioavailability/new concepts. Nutr. Today 1987;22:4-9
11. Ink S. L. Fiber-mineral and fiber-vitamin interactions. Bodwell C. E. Erdman J. W., Jr eds. Nutritent Interactions 1988:253-264 Marcel Dekker New York.
12. Kim M., Atallah M. T., Amarsiriwardena C., Barnes R. Pectin with low molecular weight and high degree of esterification increases absorption of 58Fe in growing rats. J. Nutr. 1996;126:1883-1890
13. Levrat M. A., Rémésy C., Demigné C. High proprionic acid fermentations and mineral accumulation in the cecum of rats adapted to different levels of inulin. J. Nutr. 1991;121:1730-1737
14.
Ohta A., Ohtsuki M., Hosono A., Adachi T., Hara H., Sakata T. Dietary fructooligosaccharides prevent osteopenia after gastrectomy in rats. J. Nutr. 1998;128:106-110
15. Ohta A., Ohtsuki M., Takizawa T., Inaba H., Adachi T., Kimura S. Effects of fructooligosaccharides on the absorption of magnesium and calcium by cecectomized rats, Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. 1994;64:316-323
16. Schulz A.G.M, von Amelsvoort J.M.M., Beynen A. C. Dietary native resistant starch but not retrograded resistant starch raises magnesium and calcium absorption in rats. J. Nutr. 1993;123:1724-1731
17. Seal C. J., Mathers J. C. Intestinal zinc transfer by everted gut sacs from rats given diets containing different amounts and types of dietary fibre. Br. J. Nutr. 1989;62:151-163[Medline]
18. Taguchi A., Ohta A., Abe M., Baba S., Ohtsuki M., Takizawa T., Yuda Y., Adachi T. The influence of fructo-oligosaccharides on the bone of model rats with ovarectomized osteoporosis. Sci. Rep. Meiji Seika Kaisha 1994;33:37-44
19. Tulung B., Rémésy C., Demigné C. Specific effects of guar gum or gum arabic on adaptation of cecal digestion to high fiber diets in the rat. J. Nutr. 1987;117:1556-1561
20.
Van den Heuvel E., Muys T., Van Dokkum W., Schaafsma G. Oligofructose stimulates calcium absorption in adolescents. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999;69:544-548
21. Van den Heuvel E., Schaafsma G., Muys T., van Dokkum W. Nondigestible oligosaccharides do not interfere with calcium and nonheme-iron absorption in young, healthy men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1998;67:445-451[Abstract]
22. Van der Aar P., Fahey G. C., Rick S. C., Allen S. E., Berger L. L. Effects of dietary fibers on mineral status in chicks. J. Nutr. 1983;113:653-661
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