The Journal of Nutrition Vol. 128 No. 8 August 1998, pp. 1253-1256

Experiment Station Dietary Studies Prior to World War II: A Bibliography for the Study of Changing American Food Habits and Diet Over Time¹

Robert Dirks² and Nancy Duran^*

Anthropology Program and ^* Milner Library, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4640

	ABSTRACT

Abstract References

Dietaries reported by previous generations of researchers, originally collected to advance the science of human nutrition, now have considerable value as primary historical documents. USDA experiment station reports and bulletins represent the single largest collection of such documents. Our annotated bibliography of experiment station studies is meant to facilitate their use in historical and other diachronic studies of American food habits and diet.

	ARTICLE

Abstract References

The bibliography presented here contains references to studies of the American diet from the earliest days of fieldwork to the beginning of World War II. Its purpose is to draw attention to the great wealth of history produced as the unintended legacy of early dietary studies.

Field scientists always write history whether they are aware of it or not. Depending on the subject, it may be natural history or cultural history, but seldom is it the main purpose of the work. The science stands to the fore. The history emerges from the background of facts. Although collected to address current issues, the data sooner or later become matters of the past.

Human nutritional data became subject to this ineluctable process once investigators stepped out of their laboratories to record what people ordinarily ate. The discipline at that moment took on an ethnographic dimension and in the process, began producing a stream of papers and monographs destined in time to become primary historical documents. Today those documents go back more than 100 years. There have been immense changes in the science. What was conceptually and methodologically leading edge a century ago has less worth as far as today's work is concerned. But, yesteryear's field data remain valuable, particularly in the eyes of those concerned with developing diachronic perspectives on food habits and diet.

The dietaries collected by previous generations of researchers should be of utmost interest along those disciplinary borders where nutrition, anthropology and history meet. The past 25 years have witnessed the development of cultural nutrition, nutritional anthropology and a florescence of food and nutrition-related historical studies. Yet, there appears to be little awareness from any quarter of the wealth of reliable, systematically collected information that lies waiting in decades-old field reports. These data beg to be recycled into social and historical investigations and the kind of evolutionary food systems research envisioned by Jerome (1981).

We see our bibliography as helping facilitate this. It focuses on dietary studies conducted under the auspices of the USDA Office of Experiment Stations and its state affiliates. We exclude other works in the interest of economy. Were we to include experiment station projects dealing with related topics such as cooking or food budgets, the bibliography would more than double in length. It would likely double again were we to include reports appearing under the imprint of other organizations.

Although the construction of an even more extensive list of works remains a goal, there is no question that the dietary research of the experiment stations is the place to begin. Altogether, experiment station reports and bulletins represent the largest body of work about food intake. The stations initiated and published nearly all of the very early studies. The data are easily situated in fairly precise social context and analyzed in light of other historical materials because researchers for many years reported consumption by household instead of lumping data together. In some studies, such as the work of Atwater and Woods (1897) on black families in Alabama, the report itself contains considerable information about the economic and social environment. Knowledge of local conditions environing food habits and nutrition received a big boost in the mid-1920s when the experiment stations undertook work in the areas of home economics and rural sociology.

Our citations come from the Experiment Station Record, Agricola and various other sources. The Experiment Station Record, the richest source of references, was published by the Office of Experiment Stations from 1889 until 1946. It ran though 95 volumes, providing an on-going account of research attuned to agricultural and rural interests. The Bibliography of Agriculture superseded it and continues to be published both under its own name and, in electronic form, as Agricola. Citations to many older dietary studies can be found in Agricola thanks to a retrospective project at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (Thomas 1988).

Our bibliography orders citations by date. The dates cluster into two periods. The first, running from 1891 through 1911, can be referred to aptly as the "Atwater Period." W. O. Atwater originated American field investigations and set the standards for the period. Research dealt with various individuals and groups, but most often the unit of study was the family household. Atwater's method was to weigh the food on hand and all of the food entering the house for at least a week. Researchers calculated the quantity consumed by deducting from the total weight whatever went out the door as waste and the food remaining at the end of the study. Reports usually included a brief description of household members, their activity levels, a list of the foods consumed, an analysis of the foods, and tables showing the energy, carbohydrates, fats, and protein consumed per 150-pound, moderately active, adult male (or his equivalent) per day.

The second period of station dietary studies began in 1926. At this point home economists and rural sociologists brought diverse formulas to the enterprise; generally speaking, however, the use of household account books, recall interviews and survey questionnaires expanded the scope of inquiry beyond a handful of households. Nutritionally, protein and energy were central but not fats or carbohydrates as such. Researchers added data on vitamins and minerals as knowledge increased, rated diets against then current recommendations and made the cost of food a matter of even greater concern than before.

Between 1911 and 1926, experiment station publications contained no reports of dietary studies. What is more, outside the USDA, relatively little appeared in print. Still, researchers were not entirely inactive. Sherman and Gillett (1917), for example, published 102 urban dietaries, and the Women's Educational and Industrial Union (1917) released its findings about the diets of Boston's working women.

Our annotations, in keeping with our purpose, are concerned less with methods and findings than with situating subjects geographically, socially and culturally. The inclusion of studies published by other agencies certainly will increase the diversity of subjects. Nevertheless, as far as experiment station works are concerned, we believe our bibliography is nearly complete and contains all of the major landmarks for studying dietary changes over a period of dramatic developments in American society and culture at large.

	FOOTNOTES

Manuscript received 26 February 1998. Revision accepted 16 April 1998.

	LITERATURE CITED

Abstract References

• Atwater, W. O. & Woods, C. D. (1897) Dietary Studies with Reference to the Food of the Negro in Alabama in 1895 and 1896. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletin 38. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
• Jerome N. The U.S. dietary pattern from an anthropological perspective. Food Technol. 1981; 35:37-42
• Sherman, H. C. & Gillett, L. (1917) The Adequacy and Economy of Some City Dietaries. Publication No. 121. Bureau of Food Supply, the New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, New York, NY.
• Thomas, S. E. (1988) A coordinated program for state agricultural publications. College and Research Libraries News 49: 425-426, 428-430.
• Women's Educational and Industrial Union, Department of Research (1917) The Food of Working Women in Boston. Studies in Economic Relations of Women, Vol. 10. Wright and Potter Printing, Boston, MA.

	BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Woods, C. D. (1891) A study of dietaries. In: Conneticut Storrs Station Report for 1891, pp. 90-106. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [thirty-day records for chemist's household and boarding house].
• Woods, C. D. (1892) A study of actual dietaries. In: Connecticut Storrs Station Report for 1892, pp. 135-162. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [one month's data for six craftsmen's households].
• Gibson, H. B. & Woods, C. D. (1893) Studies of dietaries. In: Connecticut Storrs Station Report for 1893, pp. 174-197. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [summer and winter dietaries for agriculturalist's household; also studies of mason's family, carpenter's family and college students' boarding club].
• Atwater, W. O. & Woods, C. D. (1894) Studies of dietaries. In: Storrs Station Report for 1894, pp. 174-204. Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, Storrs, CT [data for eight groups, including widow's household, Swedish family and college dining club].
• Atwater, W. O. & Woods, C. D. (1895) Food Investigations and Publications. Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 15. Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, Storrs, CT [reviews recent food and diet studies].
• Atwater, W. O. & Woods, C. D. (1895) Studies of dietaries. In: Storrs Station Report for 1895, pp. 129-174. Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, Storrs, CT [eleven studies of various subjects, including infant, chemist's household and farm families].
• Atwater, W. O. & Bryant, A. P. (1896) Studies of dietaries. In: Storrs Station Report for 1896, pp. 117-158. Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, Storrs, CT [nine additions to Storrs series, including Hartford families, farm families, man being treated for consumption and camping party in Maine; table categorizes and aggregates data for 41 studies in series by occupation].
• Gibson, H. B., Calvert, S. & May, D. W. (1896) Dietary Studies at the University of Missouri in 1895, and Data Relating to Bread and Meat Consumption in Missouri. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 31. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [two investigations of students' clubs; includes data on household bread and meat consumption based on student recall; comments compare Missouri student dietaries with data for Tennessee and Connecticut].
• Stone, W. E. (1896) Dietary Studies at Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind., in 1895. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 32. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [records for households of teacher and tinner; comments compare mechanic's dietaries in Connecticut, Tennessee and Indiana and dietaries of professional men's families in Connecticut, Pennsylvania and Illinois].
• Voorhees, E. B. (1896) Food and Nutrition Investigations in New Jersey in 1895 and 1896. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 35. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [information on food consumption and costs for mechanic's household in New Brunswick].
• Wait, C. E. (1896) Dietary Studies at the University of Tennessee in 1895. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 29. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [results of work with students' boarding club and "typical mechanic's family" in the Knoxville area; comments compare findings with data collected elsewhere].
• Atwater, W. O. & Woods, C. D. (1897) Dietary Studies with Reference to the Food of the Negro in Alabama in 1895 and 1896. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 38. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [research on 18 families in vicinity of Tuskegee; describes material and social conditions and food-related practices and beliefs].
• Goss, A. (1897) Dietary Studies in New Mexico in 1895. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 40. Government Printing Office Washington, DC [food consumption in three Mexican households, one of "moderate circumstances" in Las Cruces and two in "very poor" rural situations].
• Jordan, W. H. (1897) Dietary Studies at the Maine State College in 1895. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 37. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [concerns college boarding club presented with ordinary and experimental meals].
• Atwater, W. O. & Bryant, A. P. (1898) Dietary Studies in Chicago in 1895 and 1896. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 55. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [focuses on poor immigrant households: Bohemian, French Canadian, Italian and Russian Jewish; also data for families of three professional men in "comfortable circumstances"].
• Atwater, W. O. & Woods, C. D. (1898) Dietary Studies in New York City in 1895 and 1896. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 46. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [data for 21 families, mostly slum-dwellers; also sailors' boarding house and day nursery].
• Bevier, I. (1898) Nutrition Investigations in Pittsburg, PA, 1894-1896. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 52. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [six dietary studies of various family households, including industrial laborers'].
• Goss, A. (1898) Nutrition Investigations in New Mexico in 1897. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 54. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [further information about the diet of a poor Mexican family (see Goss 1897)].
• Wait, C. E. (1898) Nutrition Investigations at the University of Tennessee in 1896 and 1897. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 53. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [dietary data for families of two mechanics and two student clubs].
• Atwater, W. O. & Milner, R. D. (1899) Studies of dietaries of college students and of members of families of professional men. In: Storrs Station Report for 1899, pp. 124-149. Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, Storrs, CT [nine investigations, including Connecticut Hospital for the Insane and individual college students].
• Bryant, A. P. (1899) Some results of dietary studies in the United States. In: Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1898, pp. 439-452. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [reviews what human nutritionists know as a result of 200 empirical investigations].
• Frissell, H. B. & Bevier, I. (1899) Dietary Studies of Negroes in Eastern Virginia in 1897 and 1898. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 71. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [data for 19 households, mostly very poor tenant farmers].
• Atwater, W. O. & Bryant, A. P. (1900) Dietary Studies of University Boat Crews. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 75. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [seven studies of Harvard and Yale boat crews in training].
• Grindley, H. S., Sammis, J. L., Ladd, E. F., Bevier, I. & Sprague, E. C. (1900) Nutrition Investigations at the University of Illinois, North Dakota Agricultural College, and Lake Erie College, Ohio, 1896 to 1900. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 91. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [diets of school teacher's household, railway workers' boarding club and college women].
• Jaffa, M. E. (1900) Nutrition Investigations at the California Agricultural Experiment Station, 1896-1898. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 84. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [diets of football team, chemist's household and three infants].
• Shaw, G. W. (1900) A dietary study. In: Miscellaneous Investigations. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 62, pp. 17-20. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, Corvallis, OR [intake and cost of food for one Covallis family for one week].
• Jaffa, M. E. (1901) Nutrition Investigations among Fruitarians and Chinese at the California Experiment Station, 1899-1901. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 107. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [study of fruitarian household, Chinese dentist's family and Chinese boarding groups].
• Atwater, W. O. & Bryant, A. P. (1902) Dietary Studies in New York City in 1896 and 1897. USDA Office of Experiment Station Bulletin 116. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [diets of 36 poor families "living in the more congested districts" of the city].
• Office of Experiment Station (1902) Scope and results of the nutrition investigations of the Office of Experiment Stations. In: Annual Report of the Office of Experiment Stations for the Year ended June 30, 1901, pp. 437-482. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [summarizes work to date, including information about state experiment station studies; lists Office of Experiment Stations publications about human nutrition].
• Milner, R. D., Southard, L., Richards, E. H., Usher, S., Terrill, B. M. & Shapleigh, A. (1903) Dietary Studies in Boston and Springfield, Mass., Philadelphia, Pa. and Chicago, Ill. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 129. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [two experimental studies at Boston School of Housekeeping, investigation of very low cost eating at Bible Normal College and data for low income households in Philadelphia and Chicagoincludes blacks and recent European immigrants].
• Woods, C. D., & Mansfield, E. R. (1904) Studies of the Food of Maine Lumbermen. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 149. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [five winter-time camp dietaries; describes living conditions, work routine, cookery and menus].
• Mallinckrodt, E., Jr. (1905) Dietary Studies with Harvard University Students. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 152. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [individual diets of 10 college males on a la carte meal plan].
• Langworthy, C. F. (1908) Food and diet in the United States. In: Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1907, pp. 361-378. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [discusses methods and results of dietary studies; compares recent intake data for the United States with other countries; addresses variables currently known to influence nutritional needs].
• Hills, J. L., Wait, C. E. & White, H. C. (1909) Dietary Studies in Rural Regions in Vermont, Tennessee, and Georgia. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 221. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [data for three farm families in Vermont, 65 households in the mountains of eastern Tennessee and various subjects in Georgia, including mountaineers].
• Knight, H. L., Pratt, H. A. & Langworthy, C. F. (1910) Dietary studies in public institutions in Baltimore, Md. In: Dietary Studies in Public Institutions. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 223. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [food consumption for city almshouse, homes for the aged, German orphan asylum and home for colored children].
• Langworthy, C. F. (1910) Progress report of investigations in human nutrition in the United States, 1905-1909. In: Annual Report of the Office of Experiment Stations for the Year Ended June 30, 1909, pp. 361-379. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [reviews dietary, cost-of-living, food and food-related sociological studies for period].
• Smedley, E. & Milner, R. D. (1910) Dietary studies in public institutions in Philadelphia, Pa. In Dietary Studies in Public Institutions. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Bulletin 223. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [data from home for elderly women and orphan asylum].
• Langworthy, C. F. (1911) Food Customs and Diet in American Homes. USDA Office of Experiment Stations Circular 110. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [discusses food habits, how dietary studies are conducted and results of intake studies to date].
• Reynolds, E. A. (1926) The relation between dietary habits and health of children in rural sections of Virginia. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 250. Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA [survey data for 900 children, white and black; focus on milk, fruit and vegetable consumption, and condition of teeth].
• Dickins, D. (1927) A Study of Food Habits of People in Two Contrasting Areas of Mississippi. Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 245. Agricultural College, Agricultural College, MS [nutrition and physical condition of the residents of 100 rural households in two different soil areas].
• Rankin, J. O. (1927) Cost of Feeding the Nebraska Farm Family: a Comparison of Costs and Standards of Food Consumption of Owners, Part-owners, and Tenants. Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 219. University of Nebraska, College of Agriculture Experiment Station, Lincoln, NB [cost-of-living and food consumption for 342 farm households typical of four regions].
• Davies, E. S. (1928) The Food Consumption of Rural School Children in relation to Their Health. Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 241. Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, MA [nutritional recall and medical and dental records for white children in the towns of Carver and Southwick; includes typical menus; compares diets of children having native-born with those having foreign-born parents].
• Dickins, D. (1928) A Nutrition Investigation of Negro Tenants in the Yazoo Mississippi Delta. Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 254. A & M College, MS [month-long food records for 80 households; describes living conditions, cookery, foodways and weekly menus].
• Brown, A. P. (1929) Food Habits of Utah Farm Families. Utah Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 213. Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, UT [consumption of home-furnished and purchased foods for 43 families for one year; data from homemakers' records].
• Hawley, E. (1929) Nutritive Value and Cost of Food Served to College Students. USDA Circular 89. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [reviews several studies, including unpublished works; compares diets planned by professionals with those planned by untrained personnel].
• McKay, H. (1929) Food Consumption of Farm Families. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 433. Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, OH [records for 47 households throughout the state listing foods purchased and produced for the year 1926].
• McKittrick, E. J. (1929) Dietary Studies of Farm Families in Albany and Lincoln Counties, Wyoming. Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 165. University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY [two-week summer and winter food-use records for 19 households].
• Mathews, S. J. (1929) Food Habits of Georgia Rural People. Georgia Experiment Station Bulletin 159. Georgia State College of Agriculture, Experiment, GA [diets and seasonal changes in both northern and southern sections of state based on two-week records for 200 households].
• Talbott, M. W. (1929) Food Consumption and Food Expenditures in Relation to Standards of Requirements and Family Income. Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 165. University of Idaho, Moscow, ID [two-week food records for 70 households, both summer and winter; data from "various communities"].
• Williams, F. M. & Lockwood, J. E. (1929) An Economic Study of Food Consumed by Farm and Village Families in Central New York. Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 502. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY [diet and food costs over four-week period for 106 households; covers four seasons].
• Ahmann, C. F., Abbott, O. D. & Westover, G. (1930) A Nutritional Study of the White School Children in Five Representative Counties of Florida. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 216. University of Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville, FL [two-day diet records and physical examinations; includes typical menus].
• Frayser, M. E. & Moser, A. M. (1930) Diet of School Children in Relation to their Health. South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 268. Clemson Agricultural College, Clemson, SC [survey and medical data for 322 rural white children in a Piedmont county; attention to living conditions, social class, attitudes toward foods and typical menus].
• Hill, R. C., Morgan, E. L., Campbell, M. V. & Johnson, O. R. (1930) Social, Economic, and Homemaking Factors in Farm Living. Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Missouri and the United States Department of Agriculture Cooperating. Research Bulletin 148. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO [survey data about diet, social life, farm business, and homemaking practices collected from 70 households located in central Missouri community].
• Dickins, D. (1931) Food Consumption of Boys and Girls in Six Typical Agricultural High Schools of Mississippi. Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 292. A. & M. College, Agricultural College, MS [diet of 75 boarding school students from 15 to 19 years old; menus included].
• Hoyt, E. E. (1931) Value of Family Living on Iowa Farms. Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 281. Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Ames, IA [cost of living based on records kept by 147 households for one year; lists quantities of foods consumed].
• McKay, H. & Brown, M. A. (1931) Foods Used by Rural Families in Ohio during a Three-year Period. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 492. Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, OH [examination of 133 household account books kept from 1926 through 1928; data on amounts and values of foods produced and purchased].
• Muse, M. & Gillum, I. (1931) Food Consumption of Fifty Vermont Farm Households. Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 327. University of Vermont and State Agricultural College Burlington, VT [information from detailed account books kept for up to 3 years by 50 homemakers in several counties; compares Vermont households to those in other states].
• Stiebeling, H. K. & Mumsell, H. E. (1932) Food Supply and Pellagra Incidence in 73 South Carolina Farm Families. USDA Technical Bulletin 333. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [consumption data and results of periodic medical exams from Lee County].
• Morey, N. B. (1933) A Study of the Food Habits and Health of Farm Families in Tompkins County, New York. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 563. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca, NY [one-day records of foods eaten for each member of 518 households; detailed account of kinds of foods eaten; includes health data].
• Brown, A. P. (1934) Food Habits of Rural School Children in Relation to their Physical Well-Being. Utah Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 246. Utah State Agricultural College, Logan, UT [work conducted in six rural communities based on periodic two-day dietary recalls, surveys, physical examinations and medical records].
• Whitacre, J. (1934) The Diet of Texas School Children. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 489. Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, College Station, TX [based on eight-day food diaries kept by white, Mexican and black second graders in three regions of the state; comparisons by season, region, race, sex and household occupations].
• McKay, H. & Patton, M. P. (1935) A Study of the Food Habits and Physical Development of Preschool Children over a Two-year Period, with Special Reference to Seasonal Variation in Growth. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 549. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, OH [diets of nursery school children 19 to 40 months of age; list of specific foods eaten].
• Moser, A. M. (1935) Food Consumption and Use of Time for Food Work among Farm Families in the South Carolina Piedmont. South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 300. Clemson Agricultural College, Clemson, SC [data for 106 white and 53 black households from five counties; includes diets, homemakers' time budgets and sample menus].
• Moser, A. M. (1935) Farm Family Diets in the South Carolina Piedmont. South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Circular 53. Clemson Agricultural College, Clemson, SC [one-week, four-season dietaries for 178 white and 97 black households].
• Nelson, P. M., Hoyt, E. E., McLaughlin, L. & Morgan, E. C. (1935) Food Consumption Habits of 145 Iowa Farm Families. Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 337. Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Ames, IA [based on household books kept between 1926 and 1929 in various parts of the state; gives average money values of foods consumed].
• Cowles, M. L. (1937) Food Consumption of Wisconsin Relief Families: Survey of Work or Commodity Relief Families in the Land Purchase Area of Forest County, Wisconsin. Wisconsin Station Stencil Bulletin. University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI [spring and summer diets of 36 households on work relief, 31 on commodity relief and 36 not on relief; home-produced foods noted; appendix lists quantities].
• Hann, H. N. & Stiebeling, H. K. (1938) Food Consumption of Children at the National Child Research Center. United States Department of Agriculture Circular 481. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [data for 57 day-care children up to 71 months old; includes 3- to 5-day weighed intake records and list of foods consumed].
• McKay, H. & Patton, M. P. (1938) Nutritional status of college women in relation to their dietary habits. In: Progress in Agricultural Research in Ohio, 1936-1937, pp. 108-110. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, OH [energy value of four freshmen's food intake for periods of up to 5 weeks; also frequency of food types consumed based on records kept by 124 subjects].
• Moser, A. M. (1939) Farm Family Diets in the Lower Coastal Plains of South Carolina. South Carolina Agriucultural Experiment Station Bulletin 319. Clemson Agricultural College, Clemson, SC [from week-long food records for 214 white and 183 black households; describes seasonal diets and distinguishes home-produced from purchased items; includes typical menus].
• Stiebeling, H. K. & Phipard, E. F. (1939) Diets of Families of Employed Wage Earners and Clerical Workers in Cities. USDA Circular 507. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [data from several cities collected between 1934 and 1936; excludes families on relief; relates consumption to income and includes regional comparison].
• Clayton, M. M. (1940) The Food Habits and Physical Condition of Children in Selected Communities in Maine. Maine Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 401. University of Maine, Orono, ME [recall and one-week food records for three towns; data for more than 600 children collected from 1934 through 1936].
• Britton, V. (1941) Food Consumption of 538 Farm and 299 Village Families in Vermont. Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 474. University of Vermont and State Agricultural College, Burlington, VT [data collected in 1936 as part of Study of Consumer Purchases (see Stiebling et al. 1941)].
• Virginia State Nutrition Committee (1941) Preliminary Findings of the Virginia Nutrition Study: First Seasonal Survey. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station Rural Sociology Report 20. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Blacksburg, VA [one-week diet records for 5700 white and black school children in Danville, Roanoke and scattered rural areas].
• Stiebeling, H. K., Monroe, D., Phipard, E. F., Adelson, S. F. & Clark, F. (1941) Family Food Consumption and Dietary Levels: Five Regions: Consumer Purchases Study, Urban and Village Series. USDA Miscellaneous Publication 452. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [one-week food records for two-parent, native-born households, excluding those on relief; data collected in 1935-36; excludes blacks except for New York City, Columbus and Southeastern states].
• Stiebeling, H. K., Monroe, D., Coons, C. M., Phipard, E. F. & Clark, F. (1941) Family Food Consumption and Dietary Levels: Five Regions: Consumer Purchases Study, Farm Series. USDA Miscellaneous Publication 405. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [one-week food records for two-parent, native-born households not on relief; excludes blacks except in the Southeastern states; data collected in 1935-36].
• Blackstone, J. H. & Inman, B. T. (1942) Food Habits of Consumer Groups in Small Towns of Alabama that Affect Farmers' Markets. Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 252. Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, AL [recall data reported by income group and race for three towns].
• Moser, A. M. (1942) Food Habits of South Carolina Farm Families. South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 343. Clemson Agricultural College, Clemson, SC [compares diets of white and black households in Piedmont, Lower Coastal Plains, and Tobacco-Cotton area].
• Parker, G. (1942) Nutrition of Virginia People as Indicated by Diets of School Children. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station Rural Sociology Report 34. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station [recall data for 5th-10th graders; includes rural and urban schools, both white and black children].
• Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station. (1942) The Virginia Nutrition Study: a Progress Report. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station Rural Sociology Report 22. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station [focuses on 6th-11th graders and adds 4700 cases to Parker's study (see Parker 1942)].
• Stiebeling, H. K., Adelson, S. F. & Blake, E. (1942) Low-priced Milk and the Consumption of Dairy Products Among Low-income Families, Washington, D.C., 1940. USDA Circular 645. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC [variables affecting participation in low price milk program].
• Whitacre, J. (1942) The Food Supply of Texas Rural Families. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 642. Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, College Station, TX [recall data for 400 white, black and Mexican households; focuses on 201 food items].
• McKay, H. & Patton, M. B. (1943) Food Consumption of College Men. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 646. Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, OH [compares food consumption in cafeteria and family-style dining halls by men at Ohio State University].
• Clayton, M. M. (1944) A Four-year Study of the Food Habits and Physical Condition of Grade-school Children in Newport, Maine. Maine Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 430. University of Maine, Orono, ME [recall data and one-week food records collected in Newport between 1934 and 1940; gives typical day's diet].
• Moser, A. M. (1945) The Food Supply of Rural Families in the Six Mile Area of Pickens County, 1939-40 and 1942-43. South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 360. Clemson Agricultural College, Clemson, SC [based on recall data for 136 white households situated in the Blue Ridge Mountains].

0022-3166/98 $3.00 ©1998 American Society for Nutritional Sciences