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The Journal of Nutrition Vol. 128 No. 12 December 1998,
pp. 2730S-2732S
Research & Development, Royal Canin and * Prodeta, Vannes, France
KEY WORDS: Bacillus CIP 5832 · dogs · dry food
Probiotics are microorganisms such as bacteria or yeast that can be added to the food with the purpose of regulating the intestinal flora of the host (Parker 1974 More recently, probiotics have also been found to have beneficial effects on the health of the host (Fuller 1989 Weaning, a new home and dietary changes are all conditions that are known to affect the intestinal microflora of dogs and for which probiotics might be beneficial. Probiotics might also be of benefit to dogs living in a large colony or sold in pet shops in which animal concentration, pressure of infection and stress can significantly affect animal resistance to disease.
Paciflor is a patented strain of Bacillus recorded at the Pasteur Institute under the number CIP 5832 and marketed as a feed additive in animal nutrition (Lestradet 1995 A series of pilot studies were undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of including a probiotic in dry dog foods, to determine the kinetics of Bacillus CIP 5832 in vivo in dogs and to assess its effects on diet digestibility.
Materials and methods.
Bacillus CIP 5832 is commercially available in its sporulated form as a powder (Paciflor, Prodeta, Vannes, France) at the concentration of 1010 colony forming units (CFU)/g. The recommended dosage in the food is 106 CFU/g.
Results and discussion.
The first set of experiments was intended to prove that Bacillus CIP5832 could be added to a dry dog food and to evaluate the loss of viable spores over a 12-mo shelf life.
Resistance of Bacillus CIP 5832 to expansion-extrusion and drying.
Bacillus CIP 5832 concentration in the meal and in the expanded product was 1.10 ± 0.04 × 106 and 0.02 ± 0.05 × 106 CFU/g, respectively. The extrusion-expansion and drying process resulted thus in the loss of >99 % of the spores. Bacillus CIP 5832 should thus not be included in the diet before the extrusion- expansion and drying process.
Resistance of Bacillus CIP 5832 when applied as a powder coating.
After powder coating, the observed level of spores was ±60% of the expected levels in four different batches (Table 1). These relatively high losses may be due in part to spores trapped within the lipid fraction of the diet when the ground food is mixed in 0.2% sodium hydroxide as the first step of the bacteriological count. However, despite these apparent losses, powder coating remains an efficient and convenient way to add Bacillus CIP 5832 to the diet.
Spore survival over time.
Follow-up of four different batches over a 12-mo period was associated with a loss of spores of <25% compared with the bacteriological count just after processing (Table 1). These three pilot studies confirmed that addition of Bacillus CIP 5832 to a dry dog food is feasible.
Delay of appearance of Bacillus CIP 5832 in the feces.
When the probiotic was added to the diet, spores and vegetative forms were detected in the feces within 24 h and reached a plateau within 2 and 4 d, respectively (Fig. 1).
Delay of disappearance of Bacillus CIP 5832 from the feces.
When the probiotic was withdrawn from the diet, spores and vegetative forms could not longer be detected after 3 d (Fig. 2).
Bacillus CIP 5832 balance.
The balance study showed that 29.6 ± 5.6% of the Bacillus CIP 5832 ingested was found in the feces of the five dogs; 69.9 ± 3.5% was in vegetative form. As expected from studies in other species, Bacillus CIP 5832 will thus survive and germinate in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs but will not persist if not fed continuously (Lestradet 1995 Effect of Bacillus CIP 5832 on dry matter, protein, lipid and metabolizable energy digestibility.
Although the digestibilities appeared slightly improved with the probiotic, the difference were not significant (Table 2).
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
References
). Probiotics have been used therapeutically in the treatment of diarrhea or prophylactically in humans and animals to minimize drift in the composition of the intestinal microflora associated with antibiotherapy or traveler's gastroenteritis (Barrows and Deam 1985, Lestradet 1995, Van De Kerkove 1979).
). The mechanisms are not completely understood, but they could be due to the ability of probiotics to act as regulators of the intestinal microflora as a source of digestive enzymes and/or stimulating factors on the immune system (Lestradet 1994). This is the rationale behind the use of probiotics in the feed of farm animals, i.e., to improve their breeding performance despite all of the stresses (high animal concentration, early weaning or rapid growth) associated with modern husbandry (Lestradet 1994).
View this table:
Table 1.
Effects of Process and Time on the Survival of Bacillus CIP 5832 Added to Four Batches of
Commercial Dry Dog Food as a Powder Coating
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Fig 1.
Total Bacillus CIP 5832 count in the fresh feces of five dogs after dietary supplementation [d 0, 7.5 x 108 CFU/(dog · d)]. Results are expressed as a mean ± SEM.
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Fig 2.
Total Bacillus CIP 5832 count in the feces of five dogs after stopping dietary supplementation (d 0). Results are expressed as a mean ± SEM.
View this table:
Table 2.
Dry Matter, Protein, Lipid and Energy Digestibilities in Five Dogs Supplemented or Not with 7.5 × 106 CFU of Bacillus CIP 5832
). The bacillus is commercialized in its sporulated form, allowing a better resistance to heat and better stability over time. Bacillus CIP 5832 has been shown to have beneficial effects on the survival of mice infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae and on the breeding performances of rabbits, pigs, chickens, turkeys, ducks, calves and horses (Lestradet 1995). Bacillus CIP 5832 is also the active ingredient in Bactisubtil (Merrell, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France) a drug approved in France in the 1950s and recommended in infants against antibiotic-induced diarrhea (Lestradet 1995).
18°C) pending analysis, and Bacillus concentration was determined before (spores + vegetative forms) and after heat treatment (80°C for 10 min, spores only) as described in Michard and Levesque (1989). Before the disappearance study, dogs had been supplemented for 3 wk with the Bacillus CIP 5832. For the Bacillus CIP 5832 balance study, the diet of the dogs was supplemented with 5 g of the probiotic mix as described above, all feces were collected and pooled for each dogs over a 5-d period and frozen pending analysis. Dogs had been supplemented with Bacillus CIP 5832 for 2 wk before the study.
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FOOTNOTES |
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LITERATURE CITED |
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Introduction
References
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