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The Journal of Nutrition Vol. 128 No. 12 December 1998,
pp. 2494-2497
Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan 202 ROC
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ABSTRACT |
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Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References
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A feeding trial was conducted to estimate the minimal dietary biotin requirement for juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Purified diets with eight levels (0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 6.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg) of supplemental biotin were fed to P. monodon (mean weight 0.26 ± 0.01 g) for 8 wk. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of shrimp. Shrimp fed diets supplemented with biotin (0.2-20.0 mg/kg) had significantly (P < 0.05) higher weight gain, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio than those fed the unsupplemented control diet. Weight gain was high in shrimp fed 3.0-10.0 mg biotin/kg diet and lowest in shrimp fed 
1.0 mg/kg diet. Hepatopancreatic biotin concentration in shrimp generally increased as dietary biotin supplementation increased. Highest hepatopancreatic pyruvate carboxylase and acetyl CoA carboxylase activity were in shrimp fed diets with 10 and 20 mg biotin/kg and 3.0 mg biotin/kg, respectively. Weight gain percentage and protein efficiency ratio of the shrimp analyzed by broken-line regression indicated that the minimal dietary biotin concentration in growing P. monodon is 2.0-2.4 mg/kg.
Biotin is a coenzyme for several CO2 fixing enzymes such as pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) and acetyl CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2). Because these enzymes have a role in gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis and degeneration, and function of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, biotin is important for the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids. The dietary biotin requirement for land animals has been studied extensively. Aquatic organisms are exposed to environmental factors different from those that affect land animals, namely temperature, pressure, salt concentration, availability of oxygen and the presence and concentrations of pollutants. Therefore, nutrient requirements of aquatic species may differ from those of land animals. The quantitative requirement for growth has been studied in only a few species of fish. For example, 0.05-0.14, 0.02-0.03 and 2.0-2.5 mg/kg have been reported as the requirement for rainbow trout (Woodward and Frigg 1989 For crustaceans, only limited qualitative data concerning vitamin requirements are available. Kanazawa (1985) Diet preparation.
Experimental diet formulation is given in Table 1. The formulation is similar to that of Shiau and Hwang (1994), which has been shown to be adequate for P. monodon. Vitamin-free casein (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO), fish oil (Scott and Bowne, London, U.K.) and corn starch (Sigma Chemical) were used as dietary protein, lipid and carbohydrate sources, respectively. A mixture of amino acids [including glycine, L-alanine, L-glutamate and betaine (Sigma Chemical)] was included in the diets as an attractant (Shiau and Jan 1992
Experimental procedure.
Juvenile P. monodon were supplied by the Tungkang Marine Laboratory (Tangkang, Pingtung, Taiwan). Upon arrival they were acclimated to laboratory conditions for 2 wk in a plastic tank [74 (w) × 95 (l) × 45 (h) cm] and fed a commerical diet (grass shrimp no. 2 feed, Yung-Hsien, Taipei, Taiwan). The proximate composition (g/100 g) of the commercial diet was as follows: moisture, 9.36; crude protein (N × 6.25), 37.30; lipid, 5.03; ash, 12.53. At the beginning of the experiment, 24 aquaria (60 × 60 × 45 cm3) were each stocked with 18 shrimp with an average of 0.26 ± 0.01 g. Each experimental diet was fed to three groups of shrimp. Each aquarium received continuous aeration. In each aquarium, impurities of uneaten feed and fecal pellets in the water were removed by siphon every day, and 75% of the water was exchanged at 2, 4 and 6 wk to maintain water quality. Dissolved oxygen concentration was monitored weekly and maintained at 7.5 mg O2/L throughout the experimental period. Water temperature ranged from 25 to 29°C, pH from 6.3 to 6.5 and salinity from 19 to 21 g/kg. A photoperiod of 12 h light, 12 h dark (0800-2000 h) was used. Groups of shrimp were fed their respective diets at a rate of 8 g/(100 g body wt). This daily ration was subdivided into two equal feedings at 0900 and 1700 h. Shrimp were weighed biweekly and the daily ration was adjusted accordingly. The duration of the study was 8 wk.
Statistical analysis.
Each experimental diet was fed to three groups of shrimp. Growth data were means of three groups of shrimp with 18 shrimp per group (n = 3). Hepatic biotin concentrations and enzyme activities data were means of three groups of shrimp pooled with six shrimp randomly selected from each group (n = 3). Results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. When ANOVA identified differences among groups, multiple comparisons among means were made with Tukey's Studentized Range test. Statistical significance was determined by setting the aggregate type I error at 5% (P < 0.05) for each set of comparisons. Minimal dietary biotin requirements for juvenile P. monodon were estimated by broken-line method (Robbins 1986 The weight gains were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in shrimp fed diets supplemented with biotin than in shrimp fed the control diet (Table 2). Among all the biotin-supplemented groups, higher (P < 0.05) weight gain was found in shrimp fed the diet with 3, 6 and 10 mg biotin/kg than in shrimp fed the diet with 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 mg biotin/kg. Patterns of FE and PER were similar to those of the weight gain. Survival of shrimp fed the control diet and biotin-supplemented diets were 56% and 72-92%, respectively.
The essentiality of dietary biotin for normal growth of P. monodon is clearly demonstrated in the present study. After 8 wk, the highest growth shrimp had nearly quadrupled their weight. These growth performances are comparable to those of our previous study with P. monodon fed a complete purified diet which corresponds to the 3.0 mg biotin/kg diet of the present study (Shiau and Liu 1994
INTRODUCTION
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References
), common carp (Ogino et al. 1970) and mirror carp (Gunther and Meyer-Burgdorff 1990), respectively.
reported the requirements of larval Penaeus japonicus for various vitamins, including biotin. Liu et al. (1995) also reported that other penaeid shrimp, Penaeus chinensis, required dietary biotin for optimum growth. However, quantitative information on the requirements for penaeid shrimp is lacking. The purpose of this study was to define the minimum dietary biotin requirement of young grass shrimp Penaeus monodon, the most widely cultured shrimp in the world.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References
). Sodium alignate was used as a binder. The vitamin mixture was similar to that used by Shiau and Liu (1994), except that it did not contain biotin. Biotin (Sigma Chemical) was added to the test diets at the expense of small amounts of cellulose to provide concentrations of 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 6.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg diet. The biotin concentrations of the eight diets were determined by HPLC (Kamata et al. 1986) to be 0.01 (unsupplemented control), 0.14 (0.2 mg/kg), 0.43 (0.5 mg/kg), 0.82 (1.0 mg/kg), 2.48 (3.0 mg/kg), 4.98 (6.0 mg/kg), 8.43 (10.0 mg/kg) and 16.38 (20.0 mg/kg). The diets were prepared and stored as previously described (Shiau and Yu 1998).
View this table:
Table 1.
Composition of the basal diet1
View this table:
Table 2.
Weight gain, feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and survival rate of Penaeus monodon fed diets containing various levels of biotin for 8 wk1
View this table:
Table 3.
Biotin concentration and pyruvate carboxylase and acetyl CoA carboxylase activities in hepatopancreata of Penaeus monodon fed diets containing various levels
of biotin for 8 wk1
View larger version (20K):
[in a new window]
Fig 1.
The effect of dietary biotin on relative weight gain (g/100 g body wt) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of Penaeus monodon. Each point represents the mean of three groups of shrimp with 18 shrimp per group (n = 3). Requirements derived with the broken-line method for weight gain percentage and PER are 2.4 and 2.0 mg/kg diet, respectively.
. Similarly, hepatopancreatic acetyl CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2) activity was determined according to Levy (1963). For each assay ~0.1 g of tissue was homogenized in 10 volumes of glass-distilled water, and sufficient extract was used to produce an optical density (OD) change of at least 0.1 unit at 340 nm during an incubation of 10-20 min. The incubation temperature was 25°C. Preliminary work with each assay also ensured that enzyme-saturating conditions were achieved, and that the rate of decline of OD340 varied linearly with the quantity of homogenate protein which was determined according to Lowry et al. (1951). The remaining hepatopancreata were used for biotin determination according to the method described by Kamata et al. (1986). Growth (as measured by the percentage of body weight gain), feed efficiency (FE)4 and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were calculated as described previously (Shiau and Chou 1991, Shiau and Liu 1994).
).
RESULTS
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References
1.39X + 288.38 and Y = 0.23X + 0.48, Y = 0.00192X + 0.95, respectively. Because the breakpoints at 2.4 mg/kg (weight gain) and 2.0 mg/kg (PER) gave the least mean square error, the adequate amount of dietary biotin for juvenile P. monodon is estimated to be 2.0-2.4 mg/kg diet.
DISCUSSION
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References
). Liu et al. (1995) have reported that 0.4 mg biotin/kg diet is required for Penaeus chinensis. Note, however, that that study did not provide formal estimates of dietary requirement. There were only two dietary biotin inclusion levels in that study (0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg). It should also be noted that the weight gain of the shrimp was very low (<100%) in that study.
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, Deodhar and Mistry 1969). The activities of the two biotin-dependent enzymes pyruvate carboxylase and acetyl CoA carboxylase were both decreased in biotin-deficiency shrimp.
). In these animals, adipose tissue is the major site of lipogenesis, and in rats acetyl CoA carboxylase is depleted far more in adipose tissue than in the liver during biotin deficiency. However, in trout the main site of lipogenesis is the liver (Henderson and Sargent 1981). In the present study, hepatopancreatic acetyl CoA carboxylase activity in shrimp fed a biotin-deficient diet fell only to ~82% of the biotin-supplemented group (Table 3). Lower total body lipid content in shrimp (in the range of 1-2% of body weight, data not shown) than other animals may have attributed to this. This suggests that measurements of these enzyme activities may not permit a satisfactory evaluation of biotin status and requirement of the shrimp. In biotin-deficient chicks, acetyl CoA carboxylase was reduced but activities of fatty acid synthetase and both the mitochondrial and microsomal systems of fatty acid elongation were unaffected (Marson and Donaldson 1972). This was not investigated in the study. Future study is needed.
), chicks (Marson and Donaldson 1972) and trout (Poston and McCartney 1974) the presence of dietary fat has been shown to obscure effects of biotin deficiency. However, in channel catfish this sparing effect of lipid was not observed (Robinson and Lovell 1978). The dietary lipid requirement for P. monodon has been reported to be 5-11% (Sheen et al. 1994). In the present study, 5% of lipid was added in the basal diet in meeting the requirement of the shrimp. Therefore, the data are not suitable for evaluating the lipid effect on biotin requirement in P. monodon but are adequate for the elucidation of the biotin requirement of P. monodon fed diets with an adequate amount of lipid.
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FOOTNOTES |
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Manuscript received 24 June 1998. Initial reviews completed 7 August 1998. Revision accepted 1 September 1998.
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LITERATURE CITED |
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Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References
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This article has been cited by other articles:
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  S.-Y. Shiau and Y. Chen Estimation of the Dietary Vitamin A Requirement of Juvenile Grass Shrimp, Penaeus monodon J. Nutr., January 1, 2000; 130(1): 90 - 94. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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S.-Y. Shiau and C.-W. Hsu Dietary Pantothenic Acid Requirement of Juvenile Grass Shrimp, Penaeus monodon J. Nutr., March 1, 1999; 129(3): 718 - 721. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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