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Nutritional Epidemiology

Dairy Intake, Blood Pressure, and Incident Hypertension in a General Dutch Population^1–3,

⁴ Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands; and ⁵ Center for Nutrition and Health and ⁶ Center for Prevention and Health Services Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands

Diet and lifestyle are important for maintaining a healthy blood pressure (BP). The role of dairy in the prevention of hypertension, however, is not yet clear. We studied the relation of dairy intake with BP in 21,553 Dutch participants aged 20–65 y who did not use antihypertensive medication. In addition, the risk of hypertension was examined in 3454 of these participants with a 5-y follow-up. Dairy consumption was assessed at baseline (1993–1997) using a semiquantitative FFQ that included 178 foods and beverages. Baseline BP and odds ratios (OR) (95% CI) for incident hypertension were calculated in categories of energy-adjusted dairy intake with adjustment for age, sex, socioeconomic status, BMI, smoking, alcohol use, and dietary intakes. Participants had a median intake of 344 g/d (2.3 servings) for total dairy and 174 g/d (1.2 servings) for low-fat dairy. Mean BP was 120/76 mm Hg. Intake of total dairy, specific dairy groups (i.e. low-fat, high-fat, fermented) and dairy products (i.e. cheese, yogurt) were not consistently related to BP. Of 3454 participants who were followed, 713 developed hypertension. The risk of hypertension tended to be inversely related to low-fat dairy intake, with multivariate OR (95% CI) of 1.00, 0.78 (0.61, 1.00), 0.81 (0.63, 1.03), and 0.82 (0.64, 1.06; P-trend: 0.24) in consecutive quartiles. We conclude that variations in BP in a general middle-aged Dutch population cannot be explained by overall dairy intake. A beneficial effect of low-fat dairy on risk of hypertension, however, cannot be excluded, which warrants further investigation in prospective population-based studies.

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: marianne.geleijnse{at}wur.nl.

Manuscript received 30 May 2008. Initial review completed 30 June 2008. Revision accepted 30 December 2008.

Published online 21 January 2009.