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5 Plant Products and Human Nutrition Group, Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK and 6 Polyphenon Division, Mitsui Norin Co. Ltd., Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 160-8381, Japan
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: a.crozier{at}bio.gla.ac.uk.
To investigate the degree of absorption of flavan-3-ols in the small intestine, human subjects with an ileostomy ingested 200 mg of Polyphenon E, a green tea extract, after which ileal fluid and urine, collected over a 24-h period, were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection. The data obtained indicated that although 
40% of flavan-3-ol intake is recovered in ileal fluid, substantial quantities are absorbed in the small intestine. Moreover, 14 urinary metabolites, comprising sulfates, glucuronide, and methylated derivatives, were identified and quantified. All were metabolites of (epi)catechin or (epi)gallocatechin, representing 47 ± 2% and 26 ± 9%, respectively, of the ingested parent compound. These high recoveries indicate that these flavan-3-ols absorbed in the small intestine are much more bioavailable than most dietary flavonoids. No 3-O-galloylated flavan-3-ols or their metabolites were detected in urine. The absence of urinary flavan-3-ol metabolites after ingestion of 200 mg of (–)-epigallocatechin gallate indicates that there is no removal of the 3-O-galloyl group in vivo, and hence, this does not account for the high urinary recovery of (epi)gallocatechin metabolites after ingestion of Polyphenon E. Increasing the intake of Polyphenon E, by feeding doses of 200, 500, and 1500 mg, led to increased urinary excretion of (epi)catechin metabolites but not metabolites of (epi)gallocatechin. Coingestion of 200 mg of Polyphenon E with bread, cheese, or glucose did not significantly modify the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of flavan-3-ols. It does not necessarily follow, however, that the same would occur when flavan-3-ols are ingested with more complex food matrices.
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