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Nutritional Epidemiology

Urinary 3-(3,5-Dihydroxyphenyl)-1-Propanoic Acid, an Alkylresorcinol Metabolite, Is a Potential Biomarker of Whole-Grain Intake in a U.S. Population^1,2

³ Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-3410; ⁴ Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; ⁵ Institute for Preventive Medicine, Nutrition and Cancer, Folkhälsan Research Center and Division of Clinical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and ⁶ Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7236

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jlampe{at}fhcrc.org.

5-n-Alkylresorcinols (AR) are a major group of phenolic compounds in whole-grain wheat, rye, and barley. As such, they may serve as potential biomarkers of whole-grain intake, because they are quantifiable intact in plasma and as metabolites in urine. We examined relationships between 12-h urinary excretion of AR metabolite 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanoic acid (DHPPA) and self-reported habitual intake of whole-grain foods measured by 3-d food record (3DFR) and FFQ. Urine samples from 100 men and women were analyzed for DHPPA using HPLC with coularray detection. DHPPA excretion ranged from 1.3 to 99.4 (mean ± SE, 14.0 ± 1.5) µmol/12 h. Whole-grain food intake, as determined by 3DFR and FFQ and adjusted for BMI and energy and fiber intake, was significantly associated with 12-h urinary DHPPA excretion. Based on 3DFR, whole-grain wheat + rye consumers had a 44% higher DHPPA excretion than nonconsumers [ratio of excretion (95% CI) = 1.44 (1.04, 1.97); P = 0.029]. Using whole-grain intake estimated by FFQ, a serving increase in whole-grain wheat + rye intake increased DHPPA excretion by 94% [ratio of excretion (95% CI) = 1.94 (1.35, 2.78); P = 0.001] and a serving increase in whole grains as defined more broadly in epidemiologic studies of whole-grain intake and disease risk (whole-grain wheat, rye, oats, and corn) increased DHPPA by 67% [ratio of excretion (95% CI) = 1.67 (1.28, 2.17); P < 0.0001]. This study supports the potential utility of urinary DHPPA as a biomarker of whole-grain intake in a U.S. population.