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Nutrient Physiology, Metabolism, and Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions

Differential Tissue Dose Responses of (n-3) and (n-6) PUFA in Neonatal Piglets Fed Docosahexaenoate and Arachidonoate^1–3,

⁴ Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, and ⁵ Faculty of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80705, Taiwan; ⁶ Department of Nutrition, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80705, Taiwan; ⁷ Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; ⁸ Mead Johnson and Company, Evansville, IN 47721; and ⁹ Graduate Institute of Health Care and Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Mei-Ho Institute of Technology, Pint-Tung 91202, Taiwan

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mechhu{at}kmu.edu.tw.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) are commonly added to infant formula worldwide; however, dietary concentrations needed to obtain optimal tissue levels have not been established. Hence, we studied tissue responses in piglets fed various doses of DHA and ARA. Doses were 0, 1, 2, and 5 times those used in U.S. infant formulas and DHA/ARA in Diet 0, Diet 1, Diet 2, and Diet 5 were 0, 4.1/8.1, 8.1/16.2, and 20.3/40.6 mg/100 kJ formula, respectively. Supplementation of dietary DHA and ARA increased DHA in brain, retina, liver, adipose tissue, plasma, and erythrocyte by 1.1- to 25.8-fold of Diet 0 (P-trend < 0.01). Tissue ARA (1.1- to 6.0-fold of Diet 0) responded to dietary ARA in liver, adipose tissue, plasma, and erythrocytes (P-trend < 0.05); brain and retina ARA was, however, unresponsive to dietary DHA and ARA. Plasma and erythrocyte DHA were positively associated with DHA in neural (brain and retina) and visceral (liver and adipose) tissues (r² = 0.11–0.56; P < 0.001–P = 0.042). Plasma and erythrocyte ARA did not correlate with neural ARA. Only plasma ARA was associated with liver ARA (r² = 0.222; P = 0.02) and adipose ARA (r² = 0.867; P < 0.001) and erythrocyte ARA correlated with adipose ARA (r² = 0.470; P < 0.001). We conclude that dietary DHA supplementation affords an effective strategy for enhancing tissue DHA, ARA in visceral but not neural tissues is sensitive to dietary ARA, and erythrocyte and plasma DHA can be used as proxies for tissue DHA, although blood-borne ARA is not an indicator of neural ARA.

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