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Community and International Nutrition

Vitamin A Deficiency Is Prevalent in Children Less Than 5 y of Age in Nigeria^1,2

³ International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; ⁴ University of Ibadan, College of Medicine, Department of Human Nutrition, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; ⁵ University of Agriculture-Abeokuta, Department of Nutrition, PMB 2240, Abeoukuta, Ogun State, Nigeria; ⁶ University of Development Studies, Navrongo, Ghana; and ⁷ Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email:-bdixon{at}cgiar.org.

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a serious and widespread public health problem in developing countries. We conducted a nationwide food consumption and nutrition survey in Nigeria to help fomulate strategies to address VAD, among other deficiencies. One objectives was to assess the vitamin A status of children <5 y old. A total of 6480 households with a mother and child <5 y old were randomly sampled. Blood samples were collected by venipuncture and processed to obtain serum for measurement of retinol concentration by HPLC. Nationwide, 29.5% of children <5 y old were vitamin A deficient (serum retinol <0.70 µmol/L). The proportions of children with VAD differed among the agroecological zones; incidences were 31.3% in the dry savanna, 24.0% in the moist savanna, and 29.9% in the humid forest (P < 0.001). More children (P < 0.05) with severe deficiency (serum retinol < 0.35 µmol/L) lived in the humid forest (7.1%) than in the dry (3.1%) or moist savanna (2.4%). The distribution of VA in children <5 y old was 25.6% in the rural sector, 32.6% in the medium, and 25.9% in the urban sector (P < 0.05). In conclusion, VAD is a severe public health problem in Nigeria. Although the proportion of children with low serum vitamin A levels varies agroecologically and across sectors, it is an important public health problem in all zones and sectors.