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Nutrient Physiology, Metabolism, and Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions

Factors Affecting the Bioavailability of Soy Isoflavones in Humans after Ingestion of Physiologically Relevant Levels from Different Soy Foods¹

Aedin Cassidy², Jonathan E. Brown^*, Anne Hawdon^*, Marian S. Faughnan^*, Laurence J. King^*, Joe Millward^*, Linda Zimmer-Nechemias, Brian Wolfe and Kenneth D.R. Setchell

School of Medicine, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; ^* The Centre for Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Stag Hill, Guildford, Surrey, UK; and Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH

² To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: a.cassidy{at}uea.ac.uk.

ABSTRACT

The precise role that isoflavones play in the health-related effects of soy foods, and their potential for adverse effects are controversial. This may be due in part to a lack of basic knowledge regarding their bioavailability and metabolism, particularly as it relates to the soy source. To date, there is little information concerning possible differences in the bioavailability of isoflavones derived from natural soy foods consumed at physiologically relevant intakes and whether age- or gender-related differences influence that bioavailability. In the current study of healthy adults [premenopausal (n = 21) and postmenopausal (n = 17) women and a group of men (n = 21)], we examined the effect of age, gender, and the food matrix on the bioavailability of isoflavones for both the aglycon and glucoside forms that are naturally present in 3 different soy foods, soy milk, textured vegetable protein, and tempeh. The study was designed as a random crossover trial so that all individuals received each of the 3 foods. The dose of isoflavones administered to each individual as a single bolus dose was 0.44 mg/kg body weight. Pharmacokinetic parameters were normalized to mg of each isoflavone ingested per kilogram body weight to account for differences in daidzein and genistein content between the diets. Serum isoflavone concentrations in all individuals and groups increased rapidly after the ingestion of each soy food; as expected, genistein concentrations exceeded daidzein concentrations in serum. In this small study, gender differences in peak concentrations of daidzein were observed, with higher levels attained in women. Consumption of tempeh (mainly isoflavone aglycon) resulted in higher serum peak levels of both daidzein (P < 0.001) and genistein (P < 0.01) and the associated area under the curve (P < 0.001 and P < 0.03, respectively) compared with textured vegetable protein (predominantly isoflavone glucosides). However, soy milk was absorbed faster and peak levels of isoflavones were attained earlier than with the other soy foods. Only 30% of the subjects were equol producers and no differences in equol production with age or gender were observed.

KEY WORDS: • Isoflavones • food matrix • soy foods • pharmacokinetics • humans

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