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Nutrient Requirements

Marginal Dietary Copper Restriction Induces Cardiomyopathy in Rats^1,2

Yan Li^*,3, Lipeng Wang^,3, Dale A. Schuschke^**, Zhanxiang Zhou^*, Jack T. Saari and Y. James Kang^*,,4

Departments of ^* Medicine Pharmacology and Toxicology, and ^** Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202; and U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58202

⁴To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: yjkang01{at}louisville.edu.

Prior studies have provided evidence of marginal dietary copper restriction in humans. The present study was undertaken to examine in a rat model the effect of a long-term marginal dietary Cu deficiency on the heart. Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were fed AIN-76 diet containing 6.0 (control), 3.0, or 1.5 mg Cu/kg starting at 11 wk of age. Groups of rats were killed at 6, 9, 12, 15, or 18 mo after initiation of feeding, and the same experiment was repeated once. The only systemic change induced by marginal dietary Cu restriction (P < 0.05) was depression of organ Cu concentrations in rats fed 1.5 mg Cu/kg diet. Cardiac pathological manifestations in rats fed lower Cu diets were evidenced by histopathological, ultrastructural, and functional alterations. Myocyte hypertrophy and excessive collagen deposition in the heart occurred in rats fed 1.5 mg Cu/kg diet. Ultrastructural changes, including increased number and volume of mitochondria along with disruption of cristae structure, diastolic and systolic dysfunction, and electrocardiograph alterations, occurred in rats fed 1.5 or 3.0 mg Cu/kg diet. These results demonstrate that, in the absence of most indications of systemic Cu deficiency, heart morphology and function are sensitive to marginal Cu deficiency.

KEY WORDS: • cardiac dysfunction • cardiomyopathy • copper deficiency • myocardial fibrosis • myocyte hypertrophy

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