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Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China and * Department of Food & Beverage Management, National Kaohsiung Hospitality College, Taiwan, Republic of China
2To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mlhuhu{at}dragon.nchu.edu.tw.
The carotenoid lycopene has been associated with decreased risks of several types of cancer, such as prostate cancer and hepatoma. Tumor metastasis is the most important cause of cancer death. Although lycopene was shown to inhibit metastasis, the mechanism underlying this action is not well understood. Here, we tested the possibility that lycopene may inhibit cancer cell metastasis by upregulating the expression of nm23-H1, a metastasis suppressor gene, in SK-Hep-1 cells, a highly invasive hepatoma cell line, and we determined migration and invasion activities and the expression of nm23-H1 protein and mRNA. We showed that lycopene inhibited SK-Hep-1 migration and invasion in a bell-shaped manner, with the highest effect at 5 µmol/L (91 and 63% inhibition for migration and invasion, respectively; P < 0.05). At the same test level (10 µmol/L), lycopene was much more effective than ß-carotene in reducing cell invasion (by 
870%). In contrast to the effects on migration and invasion, lycopene enhanced nm23-H1 expression at both the protein and mRNA levels; the effects were also bell shaped, and at 5 µmol/L, lycopene enhanced nm23-H1 protein and mRNA expressions by 220 ± 33 and 153 ± 22% (P < 0.01), respectively. These bell-shaped effects of lycopene may be related to autoxidation of lycopene at elevated concentrations (
10 µmol/L). Significant correlations existed between nm23-H1 protein expression and migration (r2 = 0.78, P < 0.001) and between nm23-H1 protein expression and invasion (r2 = 0.84, P < 0.001) in lycopene-treated SK-Hep-1 cells. We conclude that lycopene has significant antimigration and anti-invasion activity, and that this effect is associated with its induction of nm23-H1 expression.
KEY WORDS: • lycopene • migration • invasion • nm23-H1 • hepatocellular carcinoma cell
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