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Nutrient Metabolism

Mineral Absorption and Excretion as Affected by Microbial Phytase, and their Effect on Energy Metabolism in Young Piglets^1,2

Arie K. Kies^*,,3, Walter J. J. Gerrits^,**, Johan W. Schrama^**,, Marcel J. W. Heetkamp^**, Koos L. van der Linden^**, Tamme Zandstra and Martin W. A. Verstegen

^* DSM Food Specialties, R&D-FTD, 2600 MA Delft; Animal Nutrition Group, ^** Adaptation Physiology Group, and Fish Culture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University & Research Center, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands

³To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: arie.kies{at}dsm.com.

Positive effects of dietary phytase supplementation on pig performance are observed not only when phosphorus is limiting. Improved energy utilization might be one explanation. Using indirect calorimetry, phytase-induced changes in energy metabolism were evaluated in young piglets with adequate phosphorus intake. Eight replicates of 8 group-housed barrows each were assigned to either a control or a phytase-supplemented diet [1500 phytase units (FTU)/kg feed]. Piglets were fed a restricted amount of the control or phytase diet. The diets were made limiting in energy content by formulating them to a high digestible lysine:DE ratio. Fecal nutrient digestibility, portal blood variables, organ weights, and apparent absorption and urinary excretion of ash, Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Cu, and Fe, were also measured. A model was developed to estimate energy required for absorption and excretion, which are partly active processes. Phytase tended to improve energy digestibility (P = 0.10), but not its metabolizability. Energy retention and heat production were not affected. At the end of the 3-wk period, pancreas weight (P < 0.05) and blood pH were lower (P < 0.01), and CO₂ pressure was higher (P < 0.01) due to phytase. This suggests that phytase reduced energy expenditure of the digestive tract, and increased metabolic activity in visceral organs. The potential increases in energy retention due to phytase were counterbalanced by increased energy expenditures for processes such as increased mineral absorption (for most P < 0.05), and their subsequent urinary excretion. Energy costs of increased absorption of nutrients, and deposition and excretion of minerals was estimated as 4.6 kJ/(kg^0.75 · d), which is 1% of the energy required for maintenance. The simultaneous existence of both increases and decreases in heat production processes resulted in the absence of a net effect on energy retention.

KEY WORDS: • piglet • phytase • energy metabolism • mineral absorption • mineral excretion

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