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Nutritional Epidemiology

Population Determinants of Serum Lycopene Concentrations in the United States: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994¹

Departments of Clinical Nutrition, Food and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL and ^* Department of Mathematics, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA

²To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: vijay_ganji{at}rush.edu.

Serum lycopene is inversely related to the risk for cancer and cardiovascular diseases. We used data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994, to investigate the relation between serum lycopene concentrations and sex, age, geographical location, race-ethnicity, education, alcohol, smoking, BMI, blood pressure, serum total cholesterol and triacylglycerol, and intakes of fat, tomatoes and tomato-based products in 3413 individuals aged 17–90 y. Multivariate adjusted mean lycopene concentrations were 48.3% lower in individuals 70 y old than in those 17 to <30 y old (P < 0.0001), 7.6% lower in women than in men (P = 0.0045), 15.1% lower in people living in the South than those in the West (P < 0.0001), 10.3 and 61.0% lower in the 1st quartile than in the 4th quartile for dietary fat intake (P = 0.0173) and serum cholesterol (P < 0.0001), respectively, 11.1% lower in tomato noneaters than those who ate tomatoes 31 times/mo (P = 0.0085), 13.5% lower in pizza noneaters than those who ate pizza 16 times/mo (P = 0.0016), and 20.6% lower in pasta noneaters than those who ate pasta (with tomato sauce) 16 times/mo (P < 0.0001). Race-ethnicity, alcohol, BMI, blood pressure, and consumption of non-tomato vegetables, and fruits and juices had no association with serum lycopene concentrations. Sex, age, geographical region, socioeconomic status, serum total cholesterol, smoking, and intakes of fat, tomatoes, pizza, and pasta were significant determinants of serum lycopene concentrations in the United States.

KEY WORDS: • lycopene • NHANES III • pizza • serum cholesterol • tomatoes

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