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Nutrient Metabolism

Low Levels of Dietary Arachidonic and Docosahexaenoic Acids Improve Bone Mass in Neonatal Piglets, but Higher Levels Provide No Benefit^1,2

Rebecca C. Mollard^*, Heather R. Kovacs^*, Shirley C. Fitzpatrick-Wong^* and Hope A. Weiler^*,,3

Departments of ^* Human Nutritional Sciences and Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2 Canada

³To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: hweiler{at}cc.umanitoba.ca.

In piglets, feeding arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in a 5:1 ratio leads to elevated bone mass, but the optimal total quantity requires clarification. We studied bone mass and modeling of piglets that were randomized to receive 1 of 4 formulas for 15 d: control formula or the same formula with various levels of AA:DHA (0.5:0.1 g, 1.0:0.2 g or 2.0:0.4 g AA:DHA/100 g of fat). Measurements included: bone area (BA), mineral content (BMC), and density (BMD) of whole body, lumbar spine, and excised femurs; biomarkers of bone modeling were plasma osteocalcin and urinary cross-linked N-telopeptides of type 1 collagen (NTx), tibial ex vivo release of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and tissue fatty acids. Main effects were identified using ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni t tests. In supplemented piglets, relations among liver fatty acid proportions and bone mass were assessed using Pearson correlations. Whole body (P = 0.028) and lumbar spine (P = 0.043) BMD were higher in the group supplemented with 0.5:0.1 g AA:DHA/100 g of fat than in controls. Tissue AA and DHA increased in proportion to diet levels. Liver eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) correlated positively (r 0.38, P 0.05) with whole body and femur BMC and BMD and lumbar spine BMC. Liver AA:EPA ratio correlated negatively (r –0.039, P 0.05) with whole body, femur, and lumbar spine BMC plus whole body and femur BMD. Dietary 1.0:0.2 g AA:DHA/100 g reduced NTx relative to 2.0:0.4 g AA:DHA/100 g of fat (P = 0.039). The diets did not affect the other biochemical variables measured. Low levels of dietary AA:DHA (0.5:0.1 g/100 g of fat) elevate bone mass, but higher amounts are not beneficial.

KEY WORDS: • bone mass • long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids • piglets • prostaglandin E₂, bone modeling

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