![[Feedback]](/icons/banner/feedbackACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[For Subscribers]](/icons/banner/subscriberACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Archive]](/icons/banner/archiveACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Search]](/icons/banner/searchACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Contents]](/icons/banner/tocACT.gif){kind=icon}
|
|
|
|
|
||
Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802 and * Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Public Health Promotion, Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity, Atlanta, GA 30341
2To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mvh111{at}psu.edu.
Dietary energy density [kcal/g (kJ/g)] influences energy intake under controlled laboratory conditions. Little is known about the energy density of the diets of free-living persons. Because energy density investigations are a relatively new endeavor, there are neither standard calculation methods nor published nationally representative values. This paper examines the calculation of energy density based on systematic exclusion of beverage categories, presents data on variability, and compares values by sex, age, and race/ethnicity in a representative sample of U.S. adults. Mean daily dietary energy density values for adults (aged >19 y) were calculated using two 24-h recalls from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals 1994–1996 based on food, food and liquid meal replacements, food and alcohol, food and juice, food and milk, food and juice and milk, food and energy-containing beverages, and food and all beverages. Energy density varied by calculation method, ranging from 0.94 to 1.85 kcal/g (3.93–7.74 kJ/g). Intraindividual-to-interindividual CV ratios were highest for the food and energy-containing beverages calculation. Men reported diets with a higher energy density than women for all calculation methods (P < 0.0001). There were differences by race/ethnicity and an inverse linear trend for age. These data indicate that beverage inclusion schemes should be clearly defined when reporting energy density values. In epidemiologic studies, calculations based on food and all beverages and food and energy-containing beverages may diminish associations with outcome variables. These nationally representative data, which provide an important frame of reference for other studies, indicate that dietary energy density differs by sex, age, and race/ethnicity.
KEY WORDS: • energy density • intraindividual variation • methodology • diet
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J. S Savage, M. Marini, and L. L Birch Dietary energy density predicts women's weight change over 6 y Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2008; 88(3): 677 - 684. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Bes-Rastrollo, R. M van Dam, M. A. Martinez-Gonzalez, T. Y Li, L. L Sampson, and F. B Hu Prospective study of dietary energy density and weight gain in women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2008; 88(3): 769 - 777. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. A McCaffrey, K. L Rennie, M. A Kerr, J. M Wallace, M. P Hannon-Fletcher, W A. Coward, S. A Jebb, and M B. E Livingstone Energy density of the diet and change in body fatness from childhood to adolescence; is there a relation? Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2008; 87(5): 1230 - 1237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E Schebendach, L. E. Mayer, M. J Devlin, E. Attia, I. R Contento, R. L Wolf, and B T. Walsh Dietary energy density and diet variety as predictors of outcome in anorexia nervosa Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2008; 87(4): 810 - 816. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. I. Kirkpatrick and V. Tarasuk Food Insecurity Is Associated with Nutrient Inadequacies among Canadian Adults and Adolescents J. Nutr., March 1, 2008; 138(3): 604 - 612. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Goulet, B. Lamarche, and S. Lemieux A Nutritional Intervention Promoting a Mediterranean Food Pattern Does Not Affect Total Daily Dietary Cost in North American Women in Free-Living Conditions J. Nutr., January 1, 2008; 138(1): 54 - 59. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. F. Krebs, J. H. Himes, D. Jacobson, T. A. Nicklas, P. Guilday, and D. Styne Assessment of Child and Adolescent Overweight and Obesity Pediatrics, December 1, 2007; 120(Supplement_4): S193 - S228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Maillot, N. Darmon, F. Vieux, and A. Drewnowski Low energy density and high nutritional quality are each associated with higher diet costs in French adults Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2007; 86(3): 690 - 696. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. V. Kral, A. J Stunkard, R. I Berkowitz, V. A Stallings, D. D Brown, and M. S Faith Daily food intake in relation to dietary energy density in the free-living environment: a prospective analysis of children born at different risk of obesity Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2007; 86(1): 41 - 47. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A Ello-Martin, L. S Roe, J. H Ledikwe, A. M Beach, and B. J Rolls Dietary energy density in the treatment of obesity: a year-long trial comparing 2 weight-loss diets Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2007; 85(6): 1465 - 1477. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. H Ledikwe, B. J Rolls, H. Smiciklas-Wright, D. C Mitchell, J. D Ard, C. Champagne, N. Karanja, P.-H. Lin, V. J Stevens, and L. J Appel Reductions in dietary energy density are associated with weight loss in overweight and obese participants in the PREMIER trial Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2007; 85(5): 1212 - 1221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Mendoza, A. Drewnowski, and D. A. Christakis Dietary Energy Density Is Associated With Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome in U.S. Adults Diabetes Care, April 1, 2007; 30(4): 974 - 979. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. K Kant and B. I Graubard Secular trends in patterns of self-reported food consumption of adult Americans: NHANES 1971-1975 to NHANES 1999-2002. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2006; 84(5): 1215 - 1223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. C. Howarth, S. P. Murphy, L. R. Wilkens, J. H. Hankin, and L. N. Kolonel Dietary Energy Density Is Associated with Overweight Status among 5 Ethnic Groups in the Multiethnic Cohort Study J. Nutr., August 1, 2006; 136(8): 2243 - 2248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. H Ledikwe, H. M Blanck, L. Kettel Khan, M. K Serdula, J. D Seymour, B. C Tohill, and B. J Rolls Dietary energy density is associated with energy intake and weight status in US adults Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2006; 83(6): 1362 - 1368. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Mendoza, A. Drewnowski, A. Cheadle, and D. A. Christakis Dietary Energy Density Is Associated with Selected Predictors of Obesity in U.S. Children J. Nutr., May 1, 2006; 136(5): 1318 - 1322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. M Popkin, L. E Armstrong, G. M Bray, B. Caballero, B. Frei, and W. C Willett A new proposed guidance system for beverage consumption in the United States Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2006; 83(3): 529 - 542. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
