QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Online Supporting Material Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Moore, C. E. Articles by Holick, M. F. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Moore, C. E. Articles by Holick, M. F.

---

Nutritional Epidemiology

Vitamin D Intakes by Children and Adults in the United States Differ among Ethnic Groups¹

Carolyn E. Moore², Mary M. Murphy^* and Michael F. Holick

The Beverage Institute for Health & Wellness, The Coca-Cola Company, Houston, TX 77056; ^* ENVIRON Health Sciences, Arlington, VA 22203; and Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Nutrition, and Diabetes, Vitamin D, Skin, and Bone Research Laboratory, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118

²To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: caromoore{at}na.ko.com.

Concerns about vitamin D status in the United States have resurfaced due to increasing reports of insufficiency and deficiency. Few foods contain vitamin D naturally, and currently few foods are fortified in the United States. Intakes of vitamin D in the United States from food and food plus supplements by age, sex, and race/ethnicity group were estimated. Individuals 1 y old who participated in the 1999–2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999–2000) were included in the analysis. Vitamin D intake by non-Hispanic (NH) white, NH black, Mexican American, and all individuals in the United States was estimated and compared with recommended levels. Vitamin D intakes were highest among children and teenagers, and lowest in the oldest age categories. Among children age 1–8 y, adequate intake (AI) levels for vitamin D from food were met or exceeded by 69% of Mexican American, 59% of NH white, and 48% of NH black subpopulations. Among adults 51 y old, only 4% met or exceeded the AI from food alone. Few women 19–50 y old or men and women 51 y old were estimated to consume recommended vitamin D levels from food. Mean dietary intakes of vitamin D from food plus supplements were consistently highest among NH white populations, although only small proportions of all those 51 y old had intakes above the recommended levels. The large discrepancy between vitamin D intake by older individuals from food plus supplements and recommended levels, especially for NH black and Mexican American adults, warrants intervention.

KEY WORDS: • vitamin D intake • ethnic groups

This article has been cited by other articles:

				K. Rajakumar, S. L. Greenspan, S. B. Thomas, and M. F. Holick SOLAR Ultraviolet Radiation AND Vitamin D: A Historical Perspective Am J Public Health, October 1, 2007; 97(10): 1746 - 1754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. L. McCullough Vitamin D Deficiency in Pregnancy: Bringing the Issues to Light J. Nutr., February 1, 2007; 137(2): 305 - 306. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. P. Fuhrman Micronutrient Assessment in Long-Term Home Parenteral Nutrition Patients Nutr Clin Pract, December 1, 2006; 21(6): 566 - 575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. J. Whiting and M. S. Calvo Overview of the Proceedings from Experimental Biology 2005 Symposium: Optimizing Vitamin D Intake for Populations with Special Needs: Barriers to Effective Food Fortification and Supplementation J. Nutr., April 1, 2006; 136(4): 1114 - 1116. [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. S. Harris Vitamin D and African Americans J. Nutr., April 1, 2006; 136(4): 1126 - 1129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. S. Calvo and S. J. Whiting Public Health Strategies to Overcome Barriers to Optimal Vitamin D Status in Populations with Special Needs J. Nutr., April 1, 2006; 136(4): 1135 - 1139. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]