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Nutritional Epidemiology

Vitamin D Intakes by Children and Adults in the United States Differ among Ethnic Groups¹

Carolyn E. Moore², Mary M. Murphy^* and Michael F. Holick

The Beverage Institute for Health & Wellness, The Coca-Cola Company, Houston, TX 77056; ^* ENVIRON Health Sciences, Arlington, VA 22203; and Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Nutrition, and Diabetes, Vitamin D, Skin, and Bone Research Laboratory, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118

²To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: caromoore{at}na.ko.com.

Concerns about vitamin D status in the United States have resurfaced due to increasing reports of insufficiency and deficiency. Few foods contain vitamin D naturally, and currently few foods are fortified in the United States. Intakes of vitamin D in the United States from food and food plus supplements by age, sex, and race/ethnicity group were estimated. Individuals 1 y old who participated in the 1999–2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999–2000) were included in the analysis. Vitamin D intake by non-Hispanic (NH) white, NH black, Mexican American, and all individuals in the United States was estimated and compared with recommended levels. Vitamin D intakes were highest among children and teenagers, and lowest in the oldest age categories. Among children age 1–8 y, adequate intake (AI) levels for vitamin D from food were met or exceeded by 69% of Mexican American, 59% of NH white, and 48% of NH black subpopulations. Among adults 51 y old, only 4% met or exceeded the AI from food alone. Few women 19–50 y old or men and women 51 y old were estimated to consume recommended vitamin D levels from food. Mean dietary intakes of vitamin D from food plus supplements were consistently highest among NH white populations, although only small proportions of all those 51 y old had intakes above the recommended levels. The large discrepancy between vitamin D intake by older individuals from food plus supplements and recommended levels, especially for NH black and Mexican American adults, warrants intervention.

KEY WORDS: • vitamin D intake • ethnic groups

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