![[Feedback]](/icons/banner/feedbackACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[For Subscribers]](/icons/banner/subscriberACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Archive]](/icons/banner/archiveACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Search]](/icons/banner/searchACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Contents]](/icons/banner/tocACT.gif){kind=icon}
|
|
|
|
|
||
Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
3To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Catherine.field{at}ualberta.ca.
There have been considerable advances in our understanding of the diverse mixture of bioactive components in human milk that influence the immune status of infants by not only providing protection but also facilitating development, tolerance, and an appropriate inflammatory response. It could be suggested that milk is the communication vehicle between the maternal immune system and the infant, a system actively directing and educating the immune, metabolic, and microflora systems within the infant, while conferring multiple means of protection from pathogens. The physiological and protective functions of many of the immune components in human milk have been deduced not from studies in infants but from what is known in other species and in vitro models. This update briefly reviews immune development in infants and focuses on current knowledge of how both the "classical" immune and the nonimmune ingredients found in mature human milk promote immune development, facilitate the development of tolerance, and regulate the inflammatory response of infants.
KEY WORDS: • infants • human milk • inflammation • lymphocytes • cytokines
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  L. Schack, A. Lange, J. Kelsen, J. Agnholt, B. Christensen, T. E. Petersen, and E. S. Sorensen Considerable variation in the concentration of osteopontin in human milk, bovine milk, and infant formulas J Dairy Sci, November 1, 2009; 92(11): 5378 - 5385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. M. Sira, T. Yoshida, M. Takeuchi, Y. Kashiwayama, T. Futatani, H. Kanegane, A. Sasahara, Y. Ito, M. Mizuguchi, T. Imanaka, et al. A novel immunoregulatory protein in human colostrum, syntenin-1, for promoting the development of IgA-producing cells from cord blood B cells Int. Immunol., September 1, 2009; 21(9): 1013 - 1023. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S Scholtens, A H Wijga, B Brunekreef, M Kerkhof, M O Hoekstra, J Gerritsen, R Aalberse, J C de Jongste, and H A Smit Breast feeding, parental allergy and asthma in children followed for 8 years. The PIAMA birth cohort study Thorax, July 1, 2009; 64(7): 604 - 609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. G. Lemay, M. Rijnkels, and J. B. German Lessons from the Bovine Genome: Implications for Human Nutrition and Research J. Nutr., July 1, 2009; 139(7): 1271 - 1272. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Schouten, B. C. A. M. van Esch, G. A. Hofman, S. A. C. M. van Doorn, J. Knol, A. J. Nauta, J. Garssen, L. E. M. Willemsen, and L. M. J. Knippels Cow Milk Allergy Symptoms Are Reduced in Mice Fed Dietary Synbiotics during Oral Sensitization with Whey J. Nutr., July 1, 2009; 139(7): 1398 - 1403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Chirico, R. Marzollo, S. Cortinovis, C. Fonte, and A. Gasparoni Antiinfective Properties of Human Milk J. Nutr., September 1, 2008; 138(9): 1801S - 1806S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Boehm and G. Moro Structural and Functional Aspects of Prebiotics Used in Infant Nutrition J. Nutr., September 1, 2008; 138(9): 1818S - 1828S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. C. Monterrosa, E. A. Frongillo, E. M. Vasquez-Garibay, E. Romero-Velarde, L. M. Casey, and N. D. Willows Predominant Breast-Feeding from Birth to Six Months Is Associated with Fewer Gastrointestinal Infections and Increased Risk for Iron Deficiency among Infants J. Nutr., August 1, 2008; 138(8): 1499 - 1504. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. A. M. J. Scholtens, P. Alliet, M. Raes, M. S. Alles, H. Kroes, G. Boehm, L. M. J. Knippels, J. Knol, and Y. Vandenplas Fecal Secretory Immunoglobulin A Is Increased in Healthy Infants Who Receive a Formula with Short-Chain Galacto-Oligosaccharides and Long-Chain Fructo-Oligosaccharides J. Nutr., June 1, 2008; 138(6): 1141 - 1147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. D. Soltau and R. L. Schelonka Immune Modification to Prevent Nosocomial Sepsis in Hospitalized Newborns NeoReviews, May 1, 2008; 9(5): e199 - e205. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Kverka, J. Burianova, R. Lodinova-Zadnikova, I. Kocourkova, J. Cinova, L. Tuckova, and H. Tlaskalova-Hogenova Cytokine Profiling in Human Colostrum and Milk by Protein Array Clin. Chem., May 1, 2007; 53(5): 955 - 962. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Perez-Escamilla and P. Putnik The Role of Acculturation in Nutrition, Lifestyle, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes among Latinos J. Nutr., April 1, 2007; 137(4): 860 - 870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. T. Damsgaard, L. Lauritzen, T. M.R. Kjaer, P. M. I. Holm, M.-B. Fruekilde, K. F. Michaelsen, and H. Frokiaer Fish Oil Supplementation Modulates Immune Function in Healthy Infants J. Nutr., April 1, 2007; 137(4): 1031 - 1036. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Hillyer, B. Dao, P. Niemiec, S. Lee, M. Doidge, I. Bemben, T. Neyestani, and B. Woodward Elevated Bioactivity of the Tolerogenic Cytokines, Interleukin-10 and Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}, in the Blood of Acutely Malnourished Weanling Mice Experimental Biology and Medicine, September 1, 2006; 231(8): 1439 - 1447. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Wambach, S. H. Campbell, S. L. Gill, J. E. Dodgson, T. C. Abiona, and M. J. Heinig Clinical Lactation Practice: 20 Years of Evidence J Hum Lact, August 1, 2005; 21(3): 245 - 258. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
