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Human Nutrition and Metabolism

Soyasaponin I and Sapongenol B Have Limited Absorption by Caco-2 Intestinal Cells and Limited Bioavailability in Women¹

Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011

²To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: pmurphy{at}iastate.edu.

A human study was conducted to evaluate soyasaponin bioavailability in humans. Eight healthy women ingested a single dose of concentrated soy extract containing 434 µmol of group B soyasaponins, the predominant form of soyasaponins in soybeans. Neither soyasaponins nor their metabolites were detected in a 24-h urine collection. Soyasapogenol B, a major metabolite of group B soyasaponins, was found (36.3 ± 10.2 µmol) in a 5-d fecal collection but no group B soyasaponins were detected. A human colon cancer Caco-2 cell model was used to evaluate the absorbability of soyasaponins at the mucosal level. The mucosal transfers of soyasaponin I and soyasapogenol B were 0.5–2.9 and 0.2–0.8%, respectively, after 4-h incubation on the Caco-2 monolayer. The apical to basolateral absorptions of soyasaponin I and soyasapogenol B were low with P_app of 0.9 to 3.6 x 10^–6 and 0.3 to 0.6 x 10^–6 cm/s, respectively. The transport rate and cell uptake of soyasaponin I were saturable and concentration-independent. In contrast, soyasapogenol B was taken up by Caco-2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Soyasaponin I had no apparent cytotoxic effect on Caco-2 cells at concentrations up to 3 mmol/L, whereas soyasapogenol B at 1 mmol/L or more significantly reduced cell viability. Therefore, ingested soyasaponins have low absorbability in human intestinal cells and seem to be metabolized to soyasapogenol B by human intestinal microorganisms in vivo and excreted in the feces.

KEY WORDS: • soyasaponin I • soyasapogenol B • Caco-2 cell monolayer • human bioavailability

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