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Human Nutrition and Metabolism

A Sodium-Rich Carbonated Mineral Water Reduces Cardiovascular Risk in Postmenopausal Women^1,2

Stefanie Schoppen³, Ana M. Pérez-Granados, Ángeles Carbajal^*, Pilar Oubiña, Francisco J. Sánchez-Muniz^*, Juan A. Gómez-Gerique^** and M. Pilar Vaquero

Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Instituto del Frío, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Madrid, Spain; ^* Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Madrid Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; and ^** Biochemical Service, Fundación Jimenez Díaz, Madrid, Spain

³To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: sschoppen{at}if.csic.es.

This study was designed to investigate the possible beneficial effects of consuming a sodium-rich carbonated mineral water on lipoprotein metabolism and to determine whether consumption of this water influences endothelial dysfunction (ED) in postmenopausal women. Women included in the study were amenorrheic (>1 y), healthy, and not obese (BMI < 30 kg/m²). The subjects did not take estrogen replacement therapy; supplements of vitamins, minerals, and phytoestrogens; or other medications known to affect bone and lipid metabolism. The study consisted of 2 intervention periods of 2 mo each, during which women drank 1 L/d of a control mineral water (low mineral content) for 2 mo followed by the carbonated mineral water, rich in sodium, bicarbonate, and chloride, for 2 mo. Body weight, height, and blood pressure were measured, and BMI was calculated. Blood samples were taken from fasting subjects and serum was analyzed for total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols, apolipoprotein AI, apolipoprotein B, soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), and glucose. Blood pressure levels did not change throughout the study. Carbonated water intake decreased total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels by 6.8% (P = 0.001) and 14.8% (P < 0.0001), respectively, whereas HDL-cholesterol concentration increased by 8.7% (P = 0.018), compared to the control period. Therefore, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk indexes (total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol) were markedly reduced (both P < 0.0001). Soluble ICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 levels decreased by 8.4% (P = 0.007) and 14.8% (P = 0.015), respectively. Fasting serum glucose concentration decreased by 6.7% (P < 0.0001). Triacylglycerol levels did not change. Consumption of this sodium rich carbonated water can play a beneficial role in the prevention of CVD and the metabolic syndrome.

KEY WORDS: • carbonated mineral water • cardiovascular risk • postmenopausal women • lipid metabolism • sodium bicarbonate

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