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© 2004 The American Society for Nutritional Sciences J. Nutr. 134:3016-3020, November 2004

Human Nutrition and Metabolism

Human and Bovine Milk Gangliosides Differ in Their Fatty Acid Composition1

Lars Bode2,3, Christopher Beermann, Marko Mank, Gerhard Kohn and Günther Boehm

Numico Research Germany, Bahnstrasse 14-30, D-61381 Friedrichsdorf, Germany

2To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Lbode{at}burnham.org.

Gangliosides are considered bioactive components in human infant nutrition, and their fatty acid composition alters their biological effects. We used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) MS and GLC to analyze the fatty acid composition of the predominant gangliosides, the monosialoganglioside GM3 [sialic acid (Sia) {alpha}2–3 galactose (Gal) ß1–4 glucose (Glc) ß1–1 ceramide] and the disialoganglioside GD3 (Sia {alpha}2–8 Sia {alpha}2–3 Gal ß1–4 Glc ß1–1 ceramide), in pooled human and bovine milk, the latter being a source for gangliosides in infant formula. Compared with whole milk lipids, both human and bovine milk gangliosides were selectively enriched with certain fatty acids, and the fatty acid composition of milk gangliosides in the 2 species was significantly different. The amount of long-chain fatty acids (≥20 C atoms) was higher in bovine milk gangliosides (GM3: 73.71 ± 3.39%; GD3: 79.19 ± 2.79%) than in human milk gangliosides (GM3: 51.25 ± 0.65%; GD3: 34.04 ± 1.80%). Tricosanoic acid (23:0) dominated in bovine milk gangliosides (GM3: 24.05 ± 1.37%; GD3: 26.66 ± 1.24%), whereas it only played a minor role in human milk gangliosides (GM3: 2.88 ± 0.10%; GD3: 1.84 ± 0.29%). We hypothesized that the differences in the fatty acid composition of milk gangliosides result in physiological distinctions between breast-fed and formula-fed infants and therefore are of importance for human infant nutrition.

KEY WORDS: • human milk • bovine milk • gangliosides • fatty acid composition




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