![[Feedback]](/icons/banner/feedbackACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[For Subscribers]](/icons/banner/subscriberACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Archive]](/icons/banner/archiveACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Search]](/icons/banner/searchACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Contents]](/icons/banner/tocACT.gif){kind=icon}
|
|
|
|
|
||
Children's Hospital and Research Center at Oakland and Center for BioIron, Oakland, CA 94609
3 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: etheil{at}chori.org.
Iron and oxygen are central to terrestrial life. Aqueous iron and oxygen chemistry will produce a ferric ion trillions of times less soluble than cell iron concentrations, along with radical forms of oxygen that are toxic. In the physiological environment, many proteins have evolved to transport iron or modulate the redox chemistry of iron that transforms oxygen in useful biochemical reactions. Only one protein, ferritin, evolved to concentrate iron to levels needed in aerobic metabolism. Reversible formation and dissolution of a solid nanomineral-hydrated, iron oxide is the main function of ferritin, which additionally detoxifies excess iron and possibly dioxygen and reactive oxygen. Ferritin is a large multifunctional, multisubunit protein with eight Fe transport pores, 12 mineral nucleation sites and up to 24 oxidase sites that produce mineral precursors from ferrous iron and oxygen. Regulation of ferritin synthesis in animals uses both DNA and mRNA controls and genes encoding two types of related subunits with: 1) catalytically active (H) or 2) inactive (L) oxidase sites. Ferritin with varying H/L ratios is related to cell-specific iron and oxygen homeostasis. H-ferritin oxidase activity accelerates rates of iron mineralization in ferritins and, in animals, ferritin produces H2O2 as a byproduct. Properties of ferritin mRNA and ferritin protein pore structure are new targets for manipulating iron homeostasis. Recent observations of the high bioavailability of iron in soybean ferritin and efficient utilization of soybean and ferritin iron by iron-deficient animals, and of soybean iron by humans with borderline deficiency, indicate a role for ferritin in managing global iron deficiency in humans.
KEY WORDS: • ferritin • iron nutrition • chelators • protein pores • combinatorial mRNA
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  C. Y. Feng, S. C. Johnson, T. S. Hori, M. Rise, J. R. Hall, A. K. Gamperl, S. Hubert, J. Kimball, S. Bowman, and M. L. Rise Identification and analysis of differentially expressed genes in immune tissues of Atlantic cod stimulated with formalin-killed, atypical Aeromonas salmonicida Physiol Genomics, May 13, 2009; 37(3): 149 - 163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Sakamoto, K. Iwasaki, H. Sugiyama, and Y. Tsuji Role of the Tumor Suppressor PTEN in Antioxidant Responsive Element-mediated Transcription and Associated Histone Modifications Mol. Biol. Cell, March 15, 2009; 20(6): 1606 - 1617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Chandran, Y. C. Tai, G. Hather, J. Dewdney, C. Denoux, D. G. Burgess, F. M. Ausubel, T. P. Speed, and M. C. Wildermuth Temporal Global Expression Data Reveal Known and Novel Salicylate-Impacted Processes and Regulators Mediating Powdery Mildew Growth and Reproduction on Arabidopsis Plant Physiology, March 1, 2009; 149(3): 1435 - 1451. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. P. Kovesdy, G. H. Lee, and K. Kalantar-Zadeh Serum Ferritin: Deceptively Simple or Simply Deceptive? Lessons Learned From Iron Therapy in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Journal of Pharmacy Practice, December 1, 2008; 21(6): 411 - 419. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Baraibar, A. G. Barbeito, B. B. Muhoberac, and R. Vidal Iron-mediated Aggregation and a Localized Structural Change Characterize Ferritin from a Mutant Light Chain Polypeptide That Causes Neurodegeneration J. Biol. Chem., November 14, 2008; 283(46): 31679 - 31689. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J. Romney, C. Thacker, and E. A. Leibold An Iron Enhancer Element in the FTN-1 Gene Directs Iron-dependent Expression in Caenorhabditis elegans Intestine J. Biol. Chem., January 11, 2008; 283(2): 716 - 725. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. D. Allen, J. A. del Campo, J. Kropat, and S. S. Merchant FEA1, FEA2, and FRE1, Encoding Two Homologous Secreted Proteins and a Candidate Ferrireductase, Are Expressed Coordinately with FOX1 and FTR1 in Iron-Deficient Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Eukaryot. Cell, October 1, 2007; 6(10): 1841 - 1852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. M. Strozycki, A. Szczurek, B. Lotocka, M. Figlerowicz, and A. B. Legocki Ferritins and nodulation in Lupinus luteus: iron management in indeterminate type nodules J. Exp. Bot., September 22, 2007; (2007) erm152v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Iwasaki, K. Hailemariam, and Y. Tsuji PIAS3 Interacts with ATF1 and Regulates the Human Ferritin H Gene through an Antioxidant-responsive Element J. Biol. Chem., August 3, 2007; 282(31): 22335 - 22343. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Iwasaki, E. L. MacKenzie, K. Hailemariam, K. Sakamoto, and Y. Tsuji Hemin-Mediated Regulation of an Antioxidant-Responsive Element of the Human Ferritin H Gene and Role of Ref-1 during Erythroid Differentiation of K562 Cells. Mol. Cell. Biol., April 1, 2006; 26(7): 2845 - 2856. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. T. Chen, L. Li, D.-H. Chung, C. D.C. Allen, S. V. Torti, F. M. Torti, J. G. Cyster, C.-Y. Chen, F. M. Brodsky, E. C. Niemi, et al. TIM-2 is expressed on B cells and in liver and kidney and is a receptor for H-ferritin endocytosis J. Exp. Med., October 3, 2005; 202(7): 955 - 965. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. S. Mishra, S. Basu, Y. Gu, X. Luo, W.-Q. Zou, R. Mishra, R. Li, S. G. Chen, P. Gambetti, H. Fujioka, et al. Protease-Resistant Human Prion Protein and Ferritin Are Cotransported across Caco-2 Epithelial Cells: Implications for Species Barrier in Prion Uptake from the Intestine J. Neurosci., December 15, 2004; 24(50): 11280 - 11290. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Jiang, K. M. Whitworth, N. J. Bivens, J. E. Ries, R. J. Woods, L. J. Forrester, G. K. Springer, N. Mathialagan, C. Agca, R. S. Prather, et al. Large-Scale Generation and Analysis of Expressed Sequence Tags from Porcine Ovary Biol Reprod, December 1, 2004; 71(6): 1991 - 2002. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. K. Kiemer, A. C. Fornges, K. Pantopoulos, M. Bilzer, B. Andriopoulos, T. Gerwig, S. Kenngott, A. L. Gerbes, and A. M. Vollmar ANP-induced decrease of iron regulatory protein activity is independent of HO-1 induction Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, September 1, 2004; 287(3): G518 - G526. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. R. Rocha and C. J. Smith Transcriptional regulation of the Bacteroides fragilis ferritin gene (ftnA) by redox stress Microbiology, July 1, 2004; 150(7): 2125 - 2134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Surguladze, K. M. Thompson, J. L. Beard, J. R. Connor, and M. G. Fried Interactions and Reactions of Ferritin with DNA J. Biol. Chem., April 9, 2004; 279(15): 14694 - 14702. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Cozzi, B. Corsi, S. Levi, P. Santambrogio, G. Biasiotto, and P. Arosio Analysis of the biologic functions of H- and L-ferritins in HeLa cells by transfection with siRNAs and cDNAs: evidence for a proliferative role of L-ferritin Blood, March 15, 2004; 103(6): 2377 - 2383. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
