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Nutrient Metabolism

Rye Bread in the Diet of Pigs Enhances the Formation of Enterolactone and Increases Its Levels in Plasma, Urine and Feces

Knud Erik Bach Knudsen^*,2, Anja Serena^*,, Anna Kirstin Bjørnbak Kjær^*, Inge Tetens, Satu-Maarit Heinonen^**, Tarja Nurmi^**, and Herman Adlercreutz^**

^* Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Research Centre Foulum, Tjele, Denmark; Research Department of Human Nutrition, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark; ^** Institute for Preventive Medicine, Nutrition and Cancer Folkhälsan Research Center and Division of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland; and Research Institute of Public Health, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland

²To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: KnudErik.Bachknudsen{at}agrsci.dk.

To obtain new insight into the quantitative and qualitative metabolism of rye and wheat lignans, we performed three series of experiments with catheterized pigs. Two diets with similar levels of dietary fiber and macronutrients but with contrasting levels of plant lignans (isolariciresinol, lariciresinol, matairesinol, pinoresinol, secoisolariciresinol and syringaresinol) were prepared from rye (high in lignans) and wheat (low in lignans) soft and crisp breads. In two series of experiments we quantified the uptake from the gut of enterolactone in four pigs fitted with catheters in the portal vein and mesenteric artery and with an ultrasonic flow probe attached to the portal vein to monitor the blood flow. In a third study with six pigs, we quantified the bioavailability of the plant lignans that can be converted to enterolactone (lariciresinol, matairesinol, pinoresinol, secoisolariciresinol and syringaresinol) and the concentration in the peripheral blood. Plant and mammalian lignans in diets and stool were analyzed by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and enterolactone in plasma and urine determined by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. There was a significantly higher formation of enterolactone in pigs fed the rye diet, and higher fecal and urinary excretion and circulating levels of mammalian lignans than in pigs fed the wheat diet. The conversion of mammalian lignan precursors to enterolactone was 48% with the wheat diet and 60% with the rye diet. Mammalian lignans are absorbed by passive diffusion from the large intestine and a substantial fraction of the absorbed mammalian lignans undergoes enterohepatic circulation, resulting in low diurnal variation in plasma levels of enterolactone.

KEY WORDS: • catheterized pigs • enterolactone • lignans • metabolism

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