QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Whaley, S. E. Articles by Murphy, S. P. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Whaley, S. E. Articles by Murphy, S. P.

---

Supplement: Animal Source Foods to Improve Micronutrient Nutrition in Developing Countries

The Impact of Dietary Intervention on the Cognitive Development of Kenyan School Children^1,2

Shannon E. Whaley^*,3, Marian Sigman^*, Charlotte Neumann, Nimrod Bwibo^**, Donald Guthrie^*, Robert E. Weiss, Susan Alber and Suzanne P. Murphy

^* Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, Departments of Community Health Sciences and Pediatrics, Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, ^** Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA and Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI

³ To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: swhaley{at}mednet.ucla.edu.

Previous observational studies in developing countries have suggested that diet quality, particularly increased animal source food (ASF) consumption, is positively associated with child cognitive development. This report presents findings from a study in rural Kenya, designed to test the impact of three different diets on the cognitive development of school children. Twelve schools with a total of 555 Standard 1 children (equivalent to U.S. Grade 1) were randomized to one of four feeding interventions: Meat, Milk, Energy or Control (no feeding). Feeding continued for seven school terms (21 mo), and cognitive tests were administered before the commencement of feeding and during every other term of feeding. Hierarchical linear random effects models and associated methods were used to examine the effects of treatment group on changes in cognitive performance over time. Analyses revealed that children receiving supplemental food with meat significantly outperformed all other children on the Raven's Progressive Matrices. Children supplemented with meat, and children supplemented with energy, outperformed children in the Control group on tests of arithmetic ability. There were no group differences on tests of verbal comprehension. Results suggest that supplementation with animal source food has positive effects on Kenyan children's cognitive performance. However, these effects are not equivalent across all domains of cognitive functioning, nor did different forms of animal source foods produce the same beneficial effects. Implications of these findings for supplementation programs in developing countries are discussed.

KEY WORDS: • supplementation • animal source foods • cognitive development • Kenya • schoolers

This article has been cited by other articles:

				A. A. Campbell, A. Thorne-Lyman, K. Sun, S. de Pee, K. Kraemer, R. Moench-Pfanner, M. Sari, N. Akhter, M. W. Bloem, and R. D. Semba Greater Household Expenditures on Fruits and Vegetables but Not Animal Source Foods Are Associated with Decreased Risk of Under-Five Child Mortality among Families in Rural Indonesia J. Nutr., November 1, 2008; 138(11): 2244 - 2249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. P. Murphy, C. Gewa, M. Grillenberger, N. O. Bwibo, and C. G. Neumann Designing Snacks to Address Micronutrient Deficiencies in Rural Kenyan Schoolchildren J. Nutr., April 1, 2007; 137(4): 1093 - 1096. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. W. Mills, K. Seetharaman, and A. N. Maretzki A Nutribusiness Strategy for Processing and Marketing Animal-Source Foods for Children J. Nutr., April 1, 2007; 137(4): 1115 - 1118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. G. Neumann, S. P. Murphy, C. Gewa, M. Grillenberger, and N. O. Bwibo Meat Supplementation Improves Growth, Cognitive, and Behavioral Outcomes in Kenyan Children J. Nutr., April 1, 2007; 137(4): 1119 - 1123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. D. McLean, L. H. Allen, C. G. Neumann, J. M. Peerson, J. H. Siekmann, S. P. Murphy, N. O. Bwibo, and M. W. Demment Low Plasma Vitamin B-12 in Kenyan School Children Is Highly Prevalent and Improved by Supplemental Animal Source Foods J. Nutr., March 1, 2007; 137(3): 676 - 682. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. H. Siegel, R. J. Stoltzfus, P. K. Kariger, J. Katz, S. K. Khatry, S. C. LeClerq, E. Pollitt, and J. M. Tielsch Growth Indices, Anemia, and Diet Independently Predict Motor Milestone Acquisition of Infants in South Central Nepal J. Nutr., December 1, 2005; 135(12): 2840 - 2844. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Rosado, M. Diaz, K. Gonzalez, I. Griffin, S. A. Abrams, and R. Preciado The Addition of Milk or Yogurt to a Plant-Based Diet Increases Zinc Bioavailability but Does Not Affect Iron Bioavailability in Women J. Nutr., March 1, 2005; 135(3): 465 - 468. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. G. Neumann, N. O. Bwibo, S. P. Murphy, M. Sigman, S. Whaley, L. H. Allen, D. Guthrie, R. E. Weiss, and M. W. Demment Animal Source Foods Improve Dietary Quality, Micronutrient Status, Growth and Cognitive Function in Kenyan School Children: Background, Study Design and Baseline Findings J. Nutr., November 1, 2003; 133(11): 3941S - 3949. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. P. Murphy, C. Gewa, L.-J. Liang, M. Grillenberger, N. O. Bwibo, and C. G. Neumann School Snacks Containing Animal Source Foods Improve Dietary Quality for Children in Rural Kenya J. Nutr., November 1, 2003; 133(11): 3950S - 3956. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. H. Siekmann, L. H. Allen, N. O. Bwibo, M. W. Demment, S. P. Murphy, and C. G. Neumann Kenyan School Children Have Multiple Micronutrient Deficiencies, but Increased Plasma Vitamin B-12 Is the Only Detectable Micronutrient Response to Meat or Milk Supplementation J. Nutr., November 1, 2003; 133(11): 3972S - 3980. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]