![[Feedback]](/icons/banner/feedbackACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[For Subscribers]](/icons/banner/subscriberACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Archive]](/icons/banner/archiveACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Search]](/icons/banner/searchACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Contents]](/icons/banner/tocACT.gif){kind=icon}
|
|
|
|
|
||
Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
3 To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mblack{at}umaryland.edu.
The relationship between four micronutrient deficiencies (iodine, iron, zinc and vitamin B-12) and children's cognitive functioning is reviewed. Iodine deficiency during pregnancy has negative and irreversible effects on the developing fetus. Although there is some evidence that postnatal iodine deficiency is associated with cognitive deficits, the findings are controversial. Iron deficiency is widespread and has been associated to cognitive deficits, but the results of prevention trials are inconsistent. Zinc deficiency has been linked with low activity and depressed motor development among the most vulnerable children. Associations with cognitive development are less clear and may be limited to specific neuropsychological processes. Vitamin B-12 deficiency has been associated with cognitive problems among the elderly, but little is known about its effect on children's cognitive functioning. Rates of vitamin B-12 deficiency are likely to be high because animal products are the only source of vitamin B-12. Although micronutrient deficiencies often co-occur in the context of poverty, little is known about the impact of multiple micronutrient deficiencies on cognitive development.
KEY WORDS: • micronutrients • iron • iodine • zinc • vitamin B-12 • cognitive development
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  Q. Li, H. Yan, L. Zeng, Y. Cheng, W. Liang, S. Dang, Q. Wang, and I. Tsuji Effects of Maternal Multimicronutrient Supplementation on the Mental Development of Infants in Rural Western China: Follow-up Evaluation of a Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial Pediatrics, April 1, 2009; 123(4): e685 - e692. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. F. Tate IV "Geography of Opportunity": Poverty, Place, and Educational Outcomes Educational Researcher, October 1, 2008; 37(7): 397 - 411. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 The NEMO Study Group Effect of a 12-mo micronutrient intervention on learning and memory in well-nourished and marginally nourished school-aged children: 2 parallel, randomized, placebo-controlled studies in Australia and Indonesia Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2007; 86(4): 1082 - 1093. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C McCann and B. N Ames An overview of evidence for a causal relation between iron deficiency during development and deficits in cognitive or behavioral function Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2007; 85(4): 931 - 945. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. G. Neumann Background J. Nutr., April 1, 2007; 137(4): 1091 - 1092. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. T. Wieringa, J. Berger, M. A. Dijkhuizen, A. Hidayat, N. X. Ninh, B. Utomo, E. Wasantwisut, P. Winichagoon, and for the SEAMTIZI (South-East Asia Multi-country Tr Combined Iron and Zinc Supplementation in Infants Improved Iron and Zinc Status, but Interactions Reduced Efficacy in a Multicountry Trial in Southeast Asia J. Nutr., February 1, 2007; 137(2): 466 - 471. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. L. TARLETON, R. HAQUE, D. MONDAL, J. SHU, B. M. FARR, and W. A. PETRI JR. Cognitive effects of diarrhea, malnutrition, and entamoeba histolytica infection on school age children in dhaka, bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg, March 1, 2006; 74(3): 475 - 481. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. W. Demment, M. M. Young, and R. L. Sensenig Providing Micronutrients through Food-Based Solutions: A Key to Human and National Development J. Nutr., November 1, 2003; 133(11): 3879S - 3885. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. T. Ruel Operationalizing Dietary Diversity: A Review of Measurement Issues and Research Priorities J. Nutr., November 1, 2003; 133(11): 3911S - 3926. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
