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Community and International Nutrition

Total Body Iron in HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Zimbabwean Newborns Strongly Predicts Anemia throughout Infancy and Is Predicted by Maternal Hemoglobin Concentration¹

Melissa F. Miller^2,2, Rebecca J. Stoltzfus^*, Nkosinathi V. Mbuya^*, Lucie C. Malaba, Peter J. Iliff^**, Jean H. Humphrey and the ZVITAMBO Study Group³

Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21211; ^* Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Nutrition, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe; and ^** Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe

²To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: zvitambo{at}yahoo.com.

One method of preventing postnatal iron deficiency is to ensure that the infant is born with a full endowment of iron. We calculated total body iron at birth (TBI) as the sum of hemoglobin iron (HbI) and body storage iron (BSI) in 2021 Zimbabwean newborns, and related TBI to subsequent anemia from 3 to 12 mo of age and to maternal and fetal characteristics. We estimated the mean ± SD TBI to be 210 ± 41 mg. There was an inverse dose-response association between TBI quartile and risk of anemia at all postnatal ages. The odds of anemia were >3 times higher in the lowest vs. highest TBI quartile (P < 0.001) at 6, 9 and 12 mo. Preterm birth and parity were not independently associated with TBI after controlling for birthweight. The predicted change in TBI per kilogram increase in birthweight was 68 mg (P < 0.001). After adjusting for birthweight, TBI increased by 25 mg with each 10-y decrement in maternal age (P = 0.033). Maternal hemoglobin was a strong linear predictor of TBI (P < 0.001). Maternal and infant HIV infection, especially among girls, was associated with apparently greater estimated TBI. We speculate that this is actually an artifact, explained by an inflammatory response, and that there was a sex difference in the response. We conclude that we can make satisfactory estimates of TBI and that the assumptions required for this approach are sufficiently robust to lead to an acceptable estimate of the prenatally acquired iron endowment. Babies born with low birthweight or to mothers with low hemoglobin are born with less TBI, which confers a substantially greater risk of anemia from 3 to 12 mo of age.

KEY WORDS: • HIV • neonate • infant • hemoglobin • ferritin

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				M. F Miller, R. J Stoltzfus, P. J Iliff, L. C Malaba, N. V Mbuya, the Zimbabwe Vitamin A for Mothers and Babies Proj, and J. H Humphrey Effect of maternal and neonatal vitamin A supplementation and other postnatal factors on anemia in Zimbabwean infants: a prospective, randomized study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2006; 84(1): 212 - 222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. CRAWLEY REDUCING THE BURDEN OF ANEMIA IN INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN IN MALARIA-ENDEMIC COUNTRIES OF AFRICA: FROM EVIDENCE TO ACTION Am J Trop Med Hyg, August 1, 2004; 71(2_suppl): 25 - 34. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]