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Nutrient Requirements

Serum Concentrations of Lipids, Vitamin D Metabolites, Retinol, Retinyl Esters, Tocopherols and Selected Carotenoids in Twelve Captive Wild Felid Species at Four Zoos¹

Susan D. Crissey, Kimberly D. Ange^*2, Krista L. Jacobsen, Kerri A. Slifka, Phyllis E. Bowen, Maria Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, Craig B. Langman^**, William Sadler, Stephen Kahn and Ann Ward

Daniel F. and Ada L. Rice Conservation Biology and Research Center, Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, IL ^* Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 ^** Northwestern University, Evanston, IL and Children’s Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614 Purina Mills Incorporated, St. Louis, MO 63144 Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153 and Fort Worth Zoo, Fort Worth, TX 76110

²To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: kim_ange{at}ncsu.edu.

Serum concentrations of several nutrients were measured in 12 captive wild felid species including caracal (Felis caracal), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), cougar (Felis concolor), fishing cat (Felis viverrinus), leopard (Panthera pardus), lion (Panthera leo), ocelot (Felis pardalis), pallas cat (Felis manul), sand cat (Felis margarita), serval (Felis serval), snow leopard (Panthera uncia) and tiger (Panthera tigris). Diet information was collected for these animals from each participating zoo (Brookfield Zoo, Fort Worth Zoo, Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens and North Carolina Zoological Park). The nutritional composition of the diets at each institution met the probable dietary requirements for each species except for the pallas cat. Blood samples were collected from each animal (n = 69) and analyzed for lipids (total cholesterol, triacylglycerides, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol), vitamin D metabolites [25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D) and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)₂D)], vitamin A (retinol, retinyl stearate and retinyl palmitate), vitamin E (- and -tocopherol) and selected carotenoids. Species differences were found for all except triacylglycerides and 1,25(OH)₂D. Genus differences were found for retinol, retinyl palmitate, retinyl stearate, -tocopherol and ß-carotene. Circulating nutrient concentrations for many of the species in this study have not been reported previously and most have not been compared with the animals’ dietary intakes. The large number of animals analyzed provides a substantial base for comparing the serum nutrient concentrations of healthy animals, for both wild and captive exotic species.

KEY WORDS: • Felis • lipids • vitamin A • vitamin D • vitamin E