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Human Nutrition and Metabolism

Supplemental Zinc Lowers Measures of Iron Status in Young Women with Low Iron Reserves^{1 ,2}

Carmen M. Donangelo, Leslie R. Woodhouse^*, Sarah M. King^*, Fernando E. Viteri and Janet C. King^*3

Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA; and ^* U.S. Department of Agriculture/ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA

³To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. E-mail: jking{at}whnrc.usda.gov.

Zinc and iron compete during intestinal absorption, but postabsorptive interactions between these nutrients are less clear. Understanding these interactions is important to determine when supplementation with iron or zinc is proposed. The effect of zinc supplementation (22 mg Zn/d as zinc gluconate) or of iron supplementation (100 mg Fe/d as ferrous sulfate) for 6 wk on iron and zinc metabolism and absorption was evaluated in young women with low iron reserves. Young adult women (ages 20–28 y), nonanemic but with low iron stores (plasma ferritin< 20 µg/L), participated in the 70-d study. The women were divided in two groups (zinc-supplemented, n = 11; iron-supplemented, n = 12). The supplements were taken at bedtime. Iron and zinc biochemical indices and intestinal absorption were measured on d 1 and 56. Radioiron and stable isotopes of zinc were used to measure iron and zinc absorption from a test meal. In the iron-supplemented group, blood hemoglobin, plasma ferritin and the percentage of transferrin saturation increased (P < 0.01). Zinc indices did not change. In the zinc-supplemented group, plasma ferritin and the percentage of transferrin saturation decreased (P < 0.05), whereas the plasma transferrin receptor and erythrocyte zinc protoprophyrin levels increased (P < 0.05). Plasma and urinary zinc also increased (P < 0.01). Iron absorption (%) from the test meal increased (P < 0.01), whereas zinc absorption (%) decreased (P < 0.01) compared with baseline in the Zn-supplemented women. Our results indicate that the use of iron supplements in women with marginal iron status improves iron indices with no effect on zinc status. However, use of a modest zinc supplement improves zinc indices, but also appears to induce a cellular iron deficiency and, possibly, further reduce iron status.

KEY WORDS: • zinc • iron • absorption • supplementation • humans

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