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Research Communication

Polyphenols from Alcoholic Apple Cider Are Absorbed, Metabolized and Excreted by Humans¹

Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA United Kingdom

²To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: gary.williamson{at}bbsrc.ac.uk

We determined the uptake and excretion of low doses of polyphenols in six subjects who each consumed 1.1 L of an alcoholic cider beverage. Over a 24-h period, no phloretin was detected in plasma (detection limit = 0.036 µmol/L), but 21 ± 5% of the dose (4.8 mg) was excreted in the urine. In contrast, from a low dose of 1.6-mg quercetin equivalents, no quercetin was found in urine or plasma, but 3'-methyl quercetin was detected in plasma [C_max (maximum concentration) = 0.14 ± 0.19 µmol/L; range: 0 to 0.44 µmol/L]. No flavanol monomers (dose of free (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin = 3.5 mg) were detected in urine or plasma (detection limit: 0.01 µmol/L). Caffeic acid (total dose including esters = 11 mg) was detected only in plasma within 2 h, with C_max = 0.43 ± 0.3 µmol/L (range: 0.18 to 0.84 µmol/L). An almost 3-fold increase in hippuric acid was detected in 24-h urine (74 ± 29 µmol/L; range: 38–116 µmol/L), compared with a prestudy value of 19 ± 9 µmol/L. These data show that polyphenols are taken up from cider, that phloretin is excreted in the urine and suggest that low doses of quercetin are extensively methylated in humans.

KEY WORDS: • cider • flavonoids • phloretin • polyphenol • quercetin

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