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Nutrient-Gene Interactions

Dietary Modifications and Gene Polymorphisms Alter Serum Paraoxonase Activity in Healthy Women¹

Maire Rantala, Marja-Leena Silaste², Anu Tuominen, Jari Kaikkonen^*, Jukka T. Salonen^*, Georg Alfthan, Antti Aro and Y. Antero Kesäniemi

Department of Internal Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; ^* Research Institute of Public Health, University of Kuopio, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland; and National Public Health Institute (KTL), FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland

²To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: Marja-Leena.Silaste{at}oulu.fi.

Paraoxonase-1 (PON1), a HDL-associated enzyme, may protect against the development of atherosclerosis. Serum PON1 activity and PON1-mediated capacity of HDL to prevent lipoprotein oxidation are modulated by two common polymorphisms at positions 192 (GlnArg) and 55 (LeuMet) of the PON1 gene. We studied the effect of dietary modifications on PON1 activity and the role of PON1 gene polymorphisms in the response. A controlled, crossover dietary intervention of two 5-wk periods was conducted in 37 healthy, nonsmoking women. The two study diets were either low or high in vegetables, and thus in natural antioxidants, with some differences in fatty acid contents. The mean plasma total (-8%, P < 0.001), LDL (-7%, P < 0.01) and HDL (-7%, P < 0.001%) cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A-I (-8%, P < 0.001) concentrations were lower after the high vegetable diet period than after the low vegetable diet period. Also, the serum PON1 activity was lower (P < 0.05) after the high vegetable compared with the low vegetable diet period. The reduction of PON1 activity correlated with the reduction in HDL cholesterol (r = 0.35, P < 0.05). High baseline PON1 activity was related to the presence of the PON1_192Arg allele (P < 0.001) and PON1_55Leu/Leu genotype (P < 0.001). The reduction of PON1 activity due to the high vegetable diet was greatest among the women with the PON1_192Arg allele (P < 0.05) and PON1_55Leu/Leu genotype (P < 0.05). In conclusion, a diet high in vegetables, berries and fruit reduces PON1 activity, and the response is modulated by the genetic variance of PON1.

KEY WORDS: • antioxidant • diet • humans • paraoxonase • polymorphism

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