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Articles

Pomegranate Juice Supplementation to Atherosclerotic Mice Reduces Macrophage Lipid Peroxidation, Cellular Cholesterol Accumulation and Development of Atherosclerosis¹

Marielle Kaplan^*, Tony Hayek^*, Ayelet Raz^*, Raymond Coleman, Leslie Dornfeld^*, Jacob Vaya^** and Michael Aviram^*2

^* The Lipid Research Laboratory, the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences and Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, 31096, Israel and ^** Laboratory of Natural Compounds for Medical Use, Migal, Galilee Technological Center, Kyriat Shmona, 10200, Israel

²To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: aviram{at}tx.technion.ac.il

Inhibition of lipid peroxidation contributes to the attenuation of macrophage cholesterol accumulation, foam-cell formation and atherosclerosis. Evidence suggests that nutritional antioxidants such as pomegranate juice (PJ) can contribute to the reduction of oxidative stress and atherogenesis. The goals of the present study were to determine whether such beneficial effects of PJ exist when supplemented to apolipoprotein E-deficient (E⁰) mice with advanced atherosclerosis and to analyze the antiatherosclerotic activity of a tannin-fraction isolated from PJ. Mice (4-mo-old) were supplemented with PJ in their drinking water for 2 mo and compared with age-matched placebo-treated mice, as well as to young (4-mo-old) control mice, for their mouse peritoneal macrophage (MPM) oxidative state, cholesterol flux and mice atherosclerotic lesion size. PJ supplementation reduced each of the proatherogenic variables determined in the present study compared with age-matched placebo-treated mice. It significantly induced serum paraoxonase activity and reduced MPM lipid peroxide content compared with placebo-treated mice and control mice. PJ administration to E⁰ mice significantly reduced the oxidized (Ox)-LDL MPM uptake by 31% and MPM cholesterol esterification and increased macrophage cholesterol efflux by 39% compared with age-matched, placebo-treated mice. PJ consumption reduced macrophage Ox-LDL uptake and cholesterol esterification to levels lower than those in 4-mo-old, unsupplemented controls. PJ supplementation to E⁰ mice with advanced atherosclerosis reduced the lesion size by 17% compared with placebo-treated mice. In a separate study, supplementation of young (2-mo-old) E⁰ mice for 2 mo with a tannin fraction isolated from PJ reduced their atherosclerotic lesion size, paralleled by reduced plasma lipid peroxidation and decreased Ox-LDL MPM uptake. PJ supplementation to mice with advanced atherosclerosis reduced their macrophage oxidative stress, their macrophage cholesterol flux and even attenuated the development of atherosclerosis. Moreover, a tannin-fraction isolated from PJ had a significant antiatherosclerotic activity.

KEY WORDS: • pomegranate • lipid peroxidation • LDL • HDL • macrophages • antioxidants • atherosclerosis

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