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Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
Advances in molecular biology and retinoic acid receptor research have
significantly contributed to the understanding of the role of vitamin A
during vertebrate development. Examination of the function of this
vitamin during very early developmental stages using the completely
vitamin A–depleted avian embryo has revealed that the vitamin A
requirement begins at the time of formation of the primitive heart,
circulation and specification of hindbrain. The lack of vitamin A at
this critical time results in gross abnormalities and early embryonic
death. In rodent models, vitamin A deficiency can be targeted to later
gestational windows and documents the need for vitamin A for more
advanced stages of development. Major target tissues of vitamin A
deficiency include the heart, central nervous system and structures
derived from it, the circulatory, urogenital and respiratory systems,
and the development of skull, skeleton and limbs. These abnormalities
are also evident in mice mutants from retinoid receptor knockouts; they
have revealed both morphological and molecular aspects of vitamin A
function during development. Retinoic acid receptors (RAR) in
partnership with retinoid X receptor (RXR)
appear to be the
important retinoid receptor transcription factors regulating vitamin A
function at the gene level during development via the physiologic
ligand all-trans-retinoic acid. Homeostasis of retinoic
acid is maintained by developmentally regulated vitamin A metabolism
enzyme systems. Inadequate vitamin A nutrition during early pregnancy
may account for some pediatric congenital abnormalities.
KEY WORDS: • vitamin A • avian development • retinoic acid
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