![[Feedback]](/icons/banner/feedbackACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[For Subscribers]](/icons/banner/subscriberACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Archive]](/icons/banner/archiveACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Search]](/icons/banner/searchACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Contents]](/icons/banner/tocACT.gif){kind=icon}
|
|
|
|
|
||
Nutrition Department, College of Human Development, The Pennsylvania State State University, University Park, PA 16802
The estimated prevalence of iron deficiency in the world suggests that there should be widespread negative consequences of this nutrient deficiency in both developed and developing countries. In considering the reality of these estimates, the Belmont Conference seeks to reconsider the accepted relationships of iron status to physiological, biochemical and neurological outcomes. This review focuses on the biological processes that we believe are the basis for alterations in the immune system, neural systems, and energy metabolism and exercise. The strength of evidence is considered in each of the domains and the large gaps in knowledge of basic biology or iron-dependent processes are identified. Iron is both an essential nutrient and a potential toxicant to cells; it requires a highly sophisticated and complex set of regulatory approaches to meet the demands of cells as well as prevent excess accumulation. It is hoped that this review of the more basic aspects of the biology of iron will set the stage for subsequent in-depth reviews of the relationship of iron to morbidity, mortality and functioning of iron-deficient individuals and populations.
KEY WORDS: • iron deficiency • anemia • immune system • central nervous system exercise
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  S. D. Anker, J. Comin Colet, G. Filippatos, R. Willenheimer, K. Dickstein, H. Drexler, T. F. Luscher, B. Bart, W. Banasiak, J. Niegowska, et al. Ferric Carboxymaltose in Patients with Heart Failure and Iron Deficiency N. Engl. J. Med., November 17, 2009; (2009) NEJMoa0908355v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. F. Baker and A. J. Ghio Iron homoeostasis in rheumatic disease Rheumatology, November 1, 2009; 48(11): 1339 - 1344. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Gambling, A. Czopek, H. S. Andersen, G. Holtrop, S. K. S. Srai, Z. Krejpcio, and H. J. McArdle Fetal iron status regulates maternal iron metabolism during pregnancy in the rat Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, April 1, 2009; 296(4): R1063 - R1070. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. P. McClung, N. E. Andersen, T. N. Tarr, C. H. Stahl, and A. J. Young Physical Activity Prevents Augmented Body Fat Accretion in Moderately Iron-Deficient Rats J. Nutr., July 1, 2008; 138(7): 1293 - 1297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Hoppler, A. Schonbachler, L. Meile, R. F. Hurrell, and T. Walczyk Ferritin-Iron Is Released during Boiling and In Vitro Gastric Digestion J. Nutr., May 1, 2008; 138(5): 878 - 884. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. F. Clark Iron Deficiency Anemia Nutr Clin Pract, April 1, 2008; 23(2): 128 - 141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. C. Jones, J. L. Beard, J. N. Gibson, E. L. Unger, R. P. Allen, K. A. McCarthy, and C. J. Earley Systems genetic analysis of peripheral iron parameters in the mouse Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 2007; 293(1): R116 - R124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. C McCann and B. N Ames An overview of evidence for a causal relation between iron deficiency during development and deficits in cognitive or behavioral function Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2007; 85(4): 931 - 945. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. E Murray-Kolb and J. L Beard Iron treatment normalizes cognitive functioning in young women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2007; 85(3): 778 - 787. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. J. Garcia, K. Gellein, T. Syversen, and M. Aschner Iron Deficient and Manganese Supplemented Diets Alter Metals and Transporters in the Developing Rat Brain Toxicol. Sci., January 1, 2007; 95(1): 205 - 214. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. L Iannotti, J. M Tielsch, M. M Black, and R. E Black Iron supplementation in early childhood: health benefits and risks Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2006; 84(6): 1261 - 1276. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. A. RICHARD, N. ZAVALETA, L. E. CAULFIELD, R. E. BLACK, R. S. WITZIG, and A. H. SHANKAR Zinc and iron supplementation and malaria, diarrhea, and respiratory infections in children in the peruvian Amazon. Am J Trop Med Hyg, July 1, 2006; 75(1): 126 - 132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. P. McClung, L. J. Marchitelli, K. E. Friedl, and A. J. Young Prevalence of Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia among Three Populations of Female Military Personnel in the US Army. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., February 1, 2006; 25(1): 64 - 69. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M Schneider, M. L Fujii, C. L Lamp, B. Lonnerdal, K. G Dewey, and S. Zidenberg-Cherr Anemia, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia in 12-36-mo-old children from low-income families Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2005; 82(6): 1269 - 1275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. J. Kim, S. K. Kim, and B. S. Cha Serum Ferritin Levels in Patients With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease--Reply Arch Intern Med, May 9, 2005; 165(9): 1070 - 1070. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. N. Ames Supplements and Tuning Up Metabolism J. Nutr., November 1, 2004; 134(11): 3164S - 3168S. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. E. CAULFIELD, S. A. RICHARD, and R. E. BLACK UNDERNUTRITION AS AN UNDERLYING CAUSE OF MALARIA MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN CHILDREN LESS THAN FIVE YEARS OLD Am J Trop Med Hyg, August 1, 2004; 71(2_suppl): 55 - 63. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Jiang, J. E. Manson, J. B. Meigs, J. Ma, N. Rifai, and F. B. Hu Body Iron Stores in Relation to Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Apparently Healthy Women JAMA, February 11, 2004; 291(6): 711 - 717. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Kordas, P. Lopez, J. L. Rosado, G. Garcia Vargas, J. Alatorre Rico, D. Ronquillo, M. E. Cebrian, and R. J. Stoltzfus Blood Lead, Anemia, and Short Stature Are Independently Associated with Cognitive Performance in Mexican School Children J. Nutr., February 1, 2004; 134(2): 363 - 371. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-M. Liu, S. E Hankinson, M. J Stampfer, N. Rifai, W. C Willett, and J. Ma Body iron stores and their determinants in healthy postmenopausal US women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2003; 78(6): 1160 - 1167. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Lozoff, I. De Andraca, M. Castillo, J. B. Smith, T. Walter, and P. Pino Behavioral and Developmental Effects of Preventing Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Healthy Full-Term Infants Pediatrics, October 1, 2003; 112(4): 846 - 854. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Beard Iron Deficiency Alters Brain Development and Functioning J. Nutr., May 1, 2003; 133(5): 1468S - 1472. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. K. Wirtz, J. R. Samples, H. Xu, T. Severson, and T. S. Acott Expression Profile and Genome Location of cDNA Clones from an Infant Human Trabecular Meshwork Cell Library Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., December 1, 2002; 43(12): 3698 - 3704. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. H. Allen Iron Supplements: Scientific Issues Concerning Efficacy and Implications for Research and Programs J. Nutr., April 1, 2002; 132(4): 813S - 819. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. J. Field, I. R. Johnson, and P. D. Schley Nutrients and their role in host resistance to infection J. Leukoc. Biol., January 1, 2002; 71(1): 16 - 32. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
