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Risk Factor Monitoring and Methods Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7344 and * Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC
2To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: sk52r{at}nih.gov
The 2000 edition of Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary
Guidelines for Americans is the first to include a
recommendation aimed specifically at fruits and vegetables, apart from
grains. This paper discusses these changes in the Dietary
Guidelines, summarizes the methods of assessment pertaining to
fruit and vegetable intakes and their related factors, and reviews the
data available on current levels and trends over time. Recent
methodological advances in the measurement of both the aggregate U.S.
food supply and foods consumed by individuals have allowed for better
estimates with which recommendations can be compared. The data on
individual intakes suggest the following: Americans are consuming
fruits and vegetables at a level near the minimum recommendations; to
be in concordance with energy-based recommendations, they would
have to consume 
2 more servings per day; and dark green and deep
yellow vegetables are accounting for a disproportionately small share
of the total. Fruit and vegetable consumption appears to be rising, but
only slightly, and this increase might be only an artifact of shifts in
the population demographics. A number of studies suggest that low
income households in poor central cities and sparsely populated rural
areas often have less access to food stores and face higher prices for
food, including fruits and vegetables, compared with other households.
At the aggregate level, supplying enough fruits and vegetables to meet
dietary recommendations for all U.S. consumers would require
adjustments in U.S. agricultural production, trade, marketing practices
and prices of these commodities.
KEY WORDS: • fruits • vegetables • diet surveys • dietary assessment • food supply
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