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9-Desaturase1 ,2
Valio Limited, FIN-00039, Helsinki, Finland and * Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
5To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a naturally occurring
anticarcinogen found in milk fat and body fat of ruminants. Although
CLA is an intermediate in ruminal biohydrogenation of linoleic acid, we
hypothesized that its primary source was from endogenous synthesis.
This would involve 
9-desaturase and synthesis from
trans-11 18:1, another intermediate in ruminal
biohydrogenation. Our first experiment supplied lactating cows
(n = 3) with trans-11 18:1 by
abomasal infusion and examined the potential for endogenous synthesis
by measuring changes in milk fat CLA. By d 3, infusion of
trans-11 18:1 resulted in a 31% increase in
concentration of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in
milk fat, demonstrating that an active pathway for endogenous synthesis
of CLA exists. Our second experiment examined the quantitative
importance of endogenous synthesis of CLA in lactating cows
(n = 3) by abomasally infusing a putative
stimulator (retinol palmitate) or an inhibitor (sterculic oil) of
9-desaturase. Infusion of retinol palmitate had no
influence on milk fatty acid desaturation, and yield of CLA in milk fat
was not altered. However, sterculic oil infusion decreased the
concentration of CLA in milk fat by 45%. Consistent with
9-desaturase inhibition, the sterculic oil treatment
also altered the milk fat concentration of other
9-desaturase products as indicated by the two- to
threefold increase in the ratios of 14:0 to 14:1, 16:0 to
16:1 and 18:0 to cis-18:1. Using changes in the ratio of
14:0 to 14:1 as an indication of the extent of
9-desaturase inhibition with the sterculic oil
treatment, an estimated 64% of the CLA in milk fat was of endogenous
origin. Overall, results demonstrate that endogenous synthesis of CLA
from trans-11 18:1 represented the primary source of CLA
in milk fat of lactating cows.
KEY WORDS: • conjugated linoleic acid • 9-desaturase • lactation • milk fat • ruminants
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D. L. Palmquist, N. St-Pierre, and K. E. McClure Tissue Fatty Acid Profiles Can Be Used to Quantify Endogenous Rumenic Acid Synthesis in Lambs J. Nutr., September 1, 2004; 134(9): 2407 - 2414. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. K. Kramer, C. Cruz-Hernandez, Z. Deng, J. Zhou, G. Jahreis, and M. E. Dugan Analysis of conjugated linoleic acid and trans 18:1 isomers in synthetic and animal products Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2004; 79(6): 1137S - 1145S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Wang and P. J. Jones Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and body composition Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2004; 79(6): 1153S - 1158S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. W. Perfield II, A. Saebo, and D. E. Bauman Use of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Enrichments to Examine the Effects of trans-8, cis-10 CLA, and cis-11, trans-13 CLA on Milk-Fat Synthesis J Dairy Sci, May 1, 2004; 87(5): 1196 - 1202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. H. Gillis, S. K. Duckett, and J. R. Sackmann Effects of supplemental rumen-protected conjugated linoleic acid or corn oil on fatty acid composition of adipose tissues in beef cattle J Anim Sci, May 1, 2004; 82(5): 1419 - 1427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. L. Cooper, L. A. Sinclair, R. G. Wilkinson, K. G. Hallett, M. Enser, and J. D. Wood Manipulation of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content of muscle and adipose tissue in lambs J Anim Sci, May 1, 2004; 82(5): 1461 - 1470. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. C. T. R. Daniel, R. J. Wynn, A. M. Salter, and P. J. Buttery Differing effects of forage and concentrate diets on the oleic acid and conjugated linoleic acid content of sheep tissues: The role of stearoyl-CoA desaturase J Anim Sci, March 1, 2004; 82(3): 747 - 758. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. K. Kay, T. R. Mackle, M. J. Auldist, N. A. Thomson, and D. E. Bauman Endogenous Synthesis of cis-9, trans-11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Dairy Cows Fed Fresh Pasture J Dairy Sci, February 1, 2004; 87(2): 369 - 378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. G. Mashek and R. R. Grummer Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers on Lipid Metabolism and Gluconeogenesis in Monolayer Cultures of Bovine Hepatocytes J Dairy Sci, January 1, 2004; 87(1): 67 - 72. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. T. Selberg, A. C. Lowe, C. R. Staples, N. D. Luchini, and L. Badinga Production and Metabolic Responses of Periparturient Holstein Cows to Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid and trans-Octadecenoic Acids J Dairy Sci, January 1, 2004; 87(1): 158 - 168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Fievez, B. Vlaeminck, M. S. Dhanoa, and R. J. Dewhurst Use of Principal Component Analysis to Investigate the Origin of Heptadecenoic and Conjugated Linoleic Acids in Milk J Dairy Sci, December 1, 2003; 86(12): 4047 - 4053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Troegeler-Meynadier, M. C. Nicot, C. Bayourthe, R. Moncoulon, and F. Enjalbert Effects of pH and Concentrations of Linoleic and Linolenic Acids on Extent and Intermediates of Ruminal Biohydrogenation in Vitro J Dairy Sci, December 1, 2003; 86(12): 4054 - 4063. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. R. Sackmann, S. K. Duckett, M. H. Gillis, C. E. Realini, A. H. Parks, and R. B. Eggelston Effects of forage and sunflower oil levels on ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid formation in beef steers fed finishing diets J Anim Sci, December 1, 2003; 81(12): 3174 - 3181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. A. AbuGhazaleh, D. J. Schingoethe, A. R. Hippen, and K. F. Kalscheur Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Vaccenic Acid in Rumen, Plasma, and Milk of Cows Fed Fish Oil and Fats Differing in Saturation of 18 Carbon Fatty Acids J Dairy Sci, November 1, 2003; 86(11): 3648 - 3660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Q. Kemp, B. D. Jeffy, and D. F. Romagnolo Conjugated Linoleic Acid Inhibits Cell Proliferation through a p53-Dependent Mechanism: Effects on the Expression of G1-Restriction Points in Breast and Colon Cancer Cells J. Nutr., November 1, 2003; 133(11): 3670 - 3677. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Viswanadha, J. G. Giesy, T. W. Hanson, and M. A. McGuire Dose Response of Milk Fat to Intravenous Administration of the trans-10, cis-12 Isomer of Conjugated Linoleic Acid J Dairy Sci, October 1, 2003; 86(10): 3229 - 3236. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. A. Corl, D. M. Barbano, D. E. Bauman, and C. Ip cis-9, trans-11 CLA Derived Endogenously from trans-11 18:1 Reduces Cancer Risk in Rats J. Nutr., September 1, 2003; 133(9): 2893 - 2900. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Kelsey, B. A. Corl, R. J. Collier, and D. E. Bauman The Effect of Breed, Parity, and Stage of Lactation on Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) in Milk Fat from Dairy Cows J Dairy Sci, August 1, 2003; 86(8): 2588 - 2597. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. E. Griswold, G. A. Apgar, R. A. Robinson, B. N. Jacobson, D. Johnson, and H. D. Woody Effectiveness of short-term feeding strategies for altering conjugated linoleic acid content of beef J Anim Sci, July 1, 2003; 81(7): 1862 - 1871. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. T. Ward, K. M. Wittenberg, H. M. Froebe, R. Przybylski, and L. Malcolmson Fresh Forage and Solin Supplementation on Conjugated Linoleic Acid Levels in Plasma and Milk J Dairy Sci, May 1, 2003; 86(5): 1742 - 1750. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Bell and J. J. Kennelly Short Communication: Postruminal Infusion of Conjugated Linoleic Acids Negatively Impacts Milk Synthesis in Holstein Cows J Dairy Sci, April 1, 2003; 86(4): 1321 - 1324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Enjalbert, P. Eynard, M. C. Nicot, A. Troegeler-Meynadier, C. Bayourthe, and R. Moncoulon In Vitro Versus in Situ Ruminal Biohydrogenation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids from a Raw or Extruded Mixture of Ground Canola Seed/Canola Meal J Dairy Sci, January 1, 2003; 86(1): 351 - 359. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A. Belury, A. Mahon, and S. Banni The Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Isomer, t10c12-CLA, Is Inversely Associated with Changes in Body Weight and Serum Leptin in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus J. Nutr., January 1, 2003; 133(1): 257S - 260. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. Demizieux, P. Degrace, J. Gresti, O. Loreau, J.-P. Noel, J.-M. Chardigny, J.-L. Sebedio, and P. Clouet Conjugated linoleic acid isomers in mitochondria: evidence for an alteration of fatty acid oxidation J. Lipid Res., December 1, 2002; 43(12): 2112 - 2122. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. K. Duckett, J. G. Andrae, and F. N. Owens Effect of high-oil corn or added corn oil on ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid formation in beef steers fed finishing diets J Anim Sci, December 1, 2002; 80(12): 3353 - 3360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M Turpeinen, M. Mutanen, A. Aro, I. Salminen, S. Basu, D. L Palmquist, and J M. Griinari Bioconversion of vaccenic acid to conjugated linoleic acid in humans Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2002; 76(3): 504 - 510. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. G. Peterson, J. A. Kelsey, and D. E. Bauman Analysis of Variation in cis-9, trans-11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) in Milk Fat of Dairy Cows J Dairy Sci, September 1, 2002; 85(9): 2164 - 2172. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-C. Bouthegourd, P. C. Even, D. Gripois, B. Tiffon, M.-F. Blouquit, S. Roseau, C. Lutton, D. Tome, and J.-C. Martin A CLA Mixture Prevents Body Triglyceride Accumulation without Affecting Energy Expenditure in Syrian Hamsters J. Nutr., September 1, 2002; 132(9): 2682 - 2689. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. I. Harvatine, J. L. Firkins, and M. L. Eastridge Whole Linted Cottonseed as a Forage Substitute Fed with Ground or Steam-flaked Corn: Digestibility and Performance J Dairy Sci, August 1, 2002; 85(8): 1976 - 1987. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. S. Piperova, J. Sampugna, B. B. Teter, K. F. Kalscheur, M. P. Yurawecz, Y. Ku, K. M. Morehouse, and R. A. Erdman Duodenal and Milk Trans Octadecenoic Acid and Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Isomers Indicate that Postabsorptive Synthesis Is the Predominant Source of cis-9-Containing CLA in Lactating Dairy Cows J. Nutr., June 1, 2002; 132(6): 1235 - 1241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Raes, G. Huyghebaert, S. De Smet, L. Nollet, S. Arnouts, and D. Demeyer The Deposition of Conjugated Linoleic Acids in Eggs of Laying Hens Fed Diets Varying in Fat Level and Fatty Acid Profile J. Nutr., February 1, 2002; 132(2): 182 - 189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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