QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Purchase Article View Shopping Cart Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Briefel, R. R. Articles by Wright, J. D. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Briefel, R. R. Articles by Wright, J. D.

---

Supplement

Zinc Intake of the U.S. Population: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994¹

Ronette R. Briefel², Karil Bialostosky^*, Jocelyn Kennedy-Stephenson, Margaret A. McDowell^*, R. Bethene Ervin and Jacqueline D. Wright^*

^* National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD 20782 and TRW, Inc., Fairfax, VA 22033

²To whom correspondence should be addressed at Mathematical Policy Research, Inc., Washington, D.C. 20024-2512.

National survey data for 29,103 examinees in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to estimate mean and percentile distributions of dietary and total zinc intakes based on 24-h dietary recalls and vitamin/supplement use. Mean daily total intakes ranged from 5.5 mg in non–breast-feeding infants to 13 mg in adults and were higher in adolescent and adult males than in females (P < 0.01). Mean total zinc intakes (22 mg) were ~10 mg higher in pregnant and lactating females than in nonpregnant, nonlactating females of the same age. Mean total zinc intakes were 0.7 mg higher in adolescents (11.1 mg) and 2.5–3.5 mg higher in adults (13 mg) compared with mean dietary intakes, indicating the average contribution of supplements to total zinc intake. Mean total zinc intakes were significantly higher in non-Hispanic whites than in non-Hispanic blacks (P < 0.01) and Mexican Americans (P < 0.01) for men and women aged 51–70 y and 71 y due to higher zinc supplement use. The prevalence of zinc-containing supplements use ranged from 0.1% in infants to 20.5% in adults. "Adequate" zinc intake in this survey population was 55.6% based on total intakes of >77% of the 1989 recommended dietary allowance. Young children aged 1–3 y, adolescent females aged 12–19 y and persons aged 71 y were at the greatest risk of inadequate zinc intakes.

KEY WORDS: • zinc intake • diet • supplements • National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) • recommended dietary allowance (RDA)

This article has been cited by other articles:

				A. M DiGirolamo and M. Ramirez-Zea Role of zinc in maternal and child mental health Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2009; 89(3): 940S - 945S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Andriollo-Sanchez, I. Hininger-Favier, N. Meunier, E. Venneria, J. M. O'Connor, G. Maiani, A. Polito, S. Bord, M. Ferry, C. Coudray, et al. No Antioxidant Beneficial Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Markers and Antioxidant Defenses in Middle-Aged and Elderly Subjects: The Zenith Study J. Am. Coll. Nutr., August 1, 2008; 27(4): 463 - 469. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. C. Cave, R. T. Hurt, T. H. Frazier, P. J. Matheson, R. N. Garrison, C. J. McClain, and S. A. McClave Obesity, Inflammation, and the Potential Application of Pharmaconutrition Nutr Clin Pract, February 1, 2008; 23(1): 16 - 34. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. N Meydani, J. B Barnett, G. E Dallal, B. C Fine, P. F Jacques, L. S Leka, and D. H Hamer Serum zinc and pneumonia in nursing home elderly Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2007; 86(4): 1167 - 1173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. F. Hodkinson, M. Kelly, H. D. Alexander, I. Bradbury, P. J. Robson, M. P. Bonham, J. M. O'Connor, C. Coudray, J. J. Strain, and J. M. W. Wallace Effect of Zinc Supplementation on the Immune Status of Healthy Older Individuals Aged 55-70 Years: The ZENITH Study J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., June 1, 2007; 62(6): 598 - 608. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. C. Schenkel, N. K.A. Stockman, J. N. Brown, and A. M. Duncan Evaluation of Energy, Nutrient and Dietary Fiber Intakes of Adolescent Males J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2007; 26(3): 264 - 271. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Shea-Budgell, M. Dojka, M. Nimmo, D. Lee, and Z. Xu A BRIEF COMMUNICATION: Marginal Zinc Deficiency Increased the Susceptibility to Acute Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Liver Injury in Rats. Experimental Biology and Medicine, May 1, 2006; 231(5): 553 - 558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Feillet-Coudray, N. Meunier, M. Rambeau, M. Brandolini-Bunlon, J.-C. Tressol, M. Andriollo, A. Mazur, K. D Cashman, and C. Coudray Long-term moderate zinc supplementation increases exchangeable zinc pool masses in late-middle-aged men: the Zenith Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2005; 82(1): 103 - 110. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Thompson and M. P. Fuhrman Nutrients and Wound Healing: Still Searching for the Magic Bullet Nutr Clin Pract, June 1, 2005; 20(3): 331 - 347. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. F. Jarrard Does Zinc Supplementation Increase the Risk of Prostate Cancer? Arch Ophthalmol, January 1, 2005; 123(1): 102 - 103. [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. H Hyun, E. Barrett-Connor, and D. B Milne Zinc intakes and plasma concentrations in men with osteoporosis: the Rancho Bernardo Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2004; 80(3): 715 - 721. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. J. Hosea, C. G. Taylor, T. Wood, R. Mollard, and H. A. Weiler Zinc-Deficient Rats Have More Limited Bone Recovery During Repletion Than Diet-Restricted Rats Experimental Biology and Medicine, April 1, 2004; 229(4): 303 - 311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. E Arsenault and K. H Brown Zinc intake of US preschool children exceeds new dietary reference intakes Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2003; 78(5): 1011 - 1017. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. M. Black Micronutrient Deficiencies and Cognitive Functioning J. Nutr., November 1, 2003; 133(11): 3927S - 3931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. F. Leitzmann, M. J. Stampfer, K. Wu, G. A. Colditz, W. C. Willett, and E. L. Giovannucci Zinc Supplement Use and Risk of Prostate Cancer J Natl Cancer Inst, July 2, 2003; 95(13): 1004 - 1007. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. C. Looker Interaction of Science, Consumer Practices and Policy: Calcium and Bone Health as a Case Study J. Nutr., June 1, 2003; 133(6): 1987S - 1991. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Hotz, N. M. Lowe, M. Araya, and K. H. Brown Assessment of the Trace Element Status of Individuals and Populations: The Example of Zinc and Copper J. Nutr., May 1, 2003; 133(5): 1563S - 1568. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J Manary, C. Hotz, N. F Krebs, R. S Gibson, J. E Westcott, R. L Broadhead, and K M. Hambidge Zinc homeostasis in Malawian children consuming a high-phytate, maize-based diet Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2002; 75(6): 1057 - 1061. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. B. Dixon and N. D. Ernst Choose a Diet That Is Low in Saturated Fat and Cholesterol and Moderate in Total Fat: Subtle Changes to a Familiar Message J. Nutr., February 1, 2001; 131(2): 510S - 526. [Abstract] [Full Text]