![[Feedback]](/icons/banner/feedbackACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[For Subscribers]](/icons/banner/subscriberACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Archive]](/icons/banner/archiveACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Search]](/icons/banner/searchACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Contents]](/icons/banner/tocACT.gif){kind=icon}
|
|
|
|
|
||
Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262
The objective of this paper is to provide a current overview of the significance of zinc in human nutrition. To achieve this, the following issues are addressed: (1) the biochemistry and biology of zinc in the context of their relevance to zinc in human nutrition and to our understanding of the complexity and practical importance of human zinc deficiency; (2) the history of our understanding of human zinc deficiency with an emphasis both on its brevity and on notable recent progress; (3) the clinical spectrum of severe zinc deficiency; (4) the lack of ideal biomarkers for milder zinc deficiency states, with the consequent dependence on randomized, placebo-controlled intervention studies to ascertain their prevalence and clinical consequences, including growth delay, diarrhea, pneumonia, other infections, disturbed neuropsychological performance and abnormalities of fetal development; (5) the public health significance of human zinc deficiency in the developing world; (6) reasons for concern and unanswered questions about zinc nutriture in the United States; (7) the need for better understanding of human zinc metabolism and homeostasis (including its limitations) at a molecular, cellular, organ-system and whole body level and of factors that affect zinc bioavailability; and (8) potential strategies for the prevention and management of human zinc deficiency. This review concludes with an emphasis on the immediate need for expanded research in directions that have become increasingly well demarcated and impelling as a result of recent progress, which is summarized in this overview.
KEY WORDS: • humans • zinc deficiency • zinc bioavailability • zinc biomarkers
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  D. Zheng, G. P. Feeney, P. Kille, and C. Hogstrand Regulation of ZIP and ZnT zinc transporters in zebrafish gill: zinc repression of ZIP10 transcription by an intronic MRE cluster Physiol Genomics, July 9, 2008; 34(2): 205 - 214. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X.-a. Zhang, K. S. Lovejoy, A. Jasanoff, and S. J. Lippard Water-soluble porphyrins as a dual-function molecular imaging platform for MRI and fluorescence zinc sensing PNAS, June 26, 2007; 104(26): 10780 - 10785. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C.-Y. Wu, A. J. Bird, D. R. Winge, and D. J. Eide Regulation of the Yeast TSA1 Peroxiredoxin by ZAP1 Is an Adaptive Response to the Oxidative Stress of Zinc Deficiency J. Biol. Chem., January 26, 2007; 282(4): 2184 - 2195. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X.-Y. Sheng, K M. Hambidge, X.-X. Zhu, J.-X. Ni, K. B Bailey, R. S Gibson, and N. F Krebs Major variables of zinc homeostasis in Chinese toddlers. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, August 1, 2006; 84(2): 389 - 394. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. C Lukaski Low dietary zinc decreases erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase activities and impairs cardiorespiratory function in men during exercise Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2005; 81(5): 1045 - 1051. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. M. Conrad and G. A. Ahearn 3H-L-histidine and 65Zn2+ are cotransported by a dipeptide transport system in intestine of lobster Homarus americanus J. Exp. Biol., January 15, 2005; 208(2): 287 - 296. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. E. CAULFIELD, S. A. RICHARD, and R. E. BLACK UNDERNUTRITION AS AN UNDERLYING CAUSE OF MALARIA MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN CHILDREN LESS THAN FIVE YEARS OLD Am J Trop Med Hyg, August 1, 2004; 71(2_suppl): 55 - 63. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Dubik Zinc, Methylphenidate, and ADHD AAP Grand Rounds, July 1, 2004; 12(1): 6 - 6. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E Penny, R M. Marin, A. Duran, J. M Peerson, C. F Lanata, B. Lonnerdal, R. E Black, and K. H Brown Randomized controlled trial of the effect of daily supplementation with zinc or multiple micronutrients on the morbidity, growth, and micronutrient status of young Peruvian children Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2004; 79(3): 457 - 465. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. G. Neumann, N. O. Bwibo, S. P. Murphy, M. Sigman, S. Whaley, L. H. Allen, D. Guthrie, R. E. Weiss, and M. W. Demment Animal Source Foods Improve Dietary Quality, Micronutrient Status, Growth and Cognitive Function in Kenyan School Children: Background, Study Design and Baseline Findings J. Nutr., November 1, 2003; 133(11): 3941S - 3949. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. A. Ramesh, R. Shin, D. J. Eide, and D. P. Schachtman Differential Metal Selectivity and Gene Expression of Two Zinc Transporters from Rice Plant Physiology, September 1, 2003; 133(1): 126 - 134. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Hambidge Underwood Memorial Lecture: Human Zinc Homeostasis: Good but Not Perfect J. Nutr., May 1, 2003; 133(5): 1438S - 1442. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. L. Keen, M. S. Clegg, L. A. Hanna, L. Lanoue, J. M. Rogers, G. P. Daston, P. Oteiza, and J. Y. Uriu-Adams The Plausibility of Micronutrient Deficiencies Being a Significant Contributing Factor to the Occurrence of Pregnancy Complications J. Nutr., May 1, 2003; 133(5): 1597S - 1605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. M. Diaz-Gomez, E. Domenech, F. Barroso, S. Castells, C. Cortabarria, and A. Jimenez The Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Linear Growth, Body Composition, and Growth Factors in Preterm Infants Pediatrics, May 1, 2003; 111(5): 1002 - 1009. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. A. Alarcon, L.-H. Lin, M. Noche Jr, V. C. Hernandez, L. Cimafranca, W. Lam, and G. M. Comer Effect of Oral Supplementation on Catch-Up Growth in Picky Eaters Clinical Pediatrics, April 1, 2003; 42(3): 209 - 217. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Fraker Response to Dr. Woodward J. Nutr., March 1, 2003; 133(3): 815 - 815. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Hambidge Biomarkers of Trace Mineral Intake and Status J. Nutr., March 1, 2003; 133(3): 948S - 955. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Pinna, D. S. Kelley, P. C. Taylor, and J. C. King Immune Functions Are Maintained in Healthy Men with Low Zinc Intake J. Nutr., July 1, 2002; 132(7): 2033 - 2036. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Cao, J. A. Bobo, J. P. Liuzzi, and R. J. Cousins Effects of intracellular zinc depletion on metallothionein and ZIP2 transporter expression and apoptosis J. Leukoc. Biol., October 1, 2001; 70(4): 559 - 566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Cao and R. J. Cousins Metallothionein mRNA in Monocytes and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and in Cells from Dried Blood Spots Increases after Zinc Supplementation of Men J. Nutr., September 1, 2000; 130(9): 2180 - 2187. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
