![[Feedback]](/icons/banner/feedbackACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[For Subscribers]](/icons/banner/subscriberACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Archive]](/icons/banner/archiveACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Search]](/icons/banner/searchACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Contents]](/icons/banner/tocACT.gif){kind=icon}
|
|
|
|
|
||
Unilever Research Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands and * Division of Human Nutrition & Epidemiology, Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
2To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Carotenoids are thought to contribute to the beneficial effects of increased vegetable consumption. Various dietary factors have an effect on the bioavailability of carotenoids. The type of food matrix in which carotenoids are located is a major factor. The bioavailability of ß-carotene from vegetables in particular has been shown to be low (14% from mixed vegetables) compared with that of purified ß-carotene added to a simple matrix (e.g., salad dressing), whereas for lutein, the difference is much smaller (relative bioavailability of 67% from mixed vegetables). Processing, such as mechanical homogenization or heat treatment, has the potential to enhance the bioavailability of carotenoids from vegetables (from 18% to a sixfold increase). The amount of dietary fat required to ensure carotenoid absorption seems low (~3–5 g per meal), although it depends on the physicochemical characteristics of the carotenoids ingested. Unabsorbable, fat-soluble compounds reduce carotenoid absorption, and interaction among carotenoids may also result in a reduced carotenoid bioavailability. Research into the functional benefits of carotenoids should consider the fact that the bioavailability of ß-carotene in particular is one order of magnitude higher when provided as a pure compound added to foods than when it is present naturally in foods.
KEY WORDS: • carotenoids • bioavailability • vegetables • processing • fat • interaction
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J. A. Howe, A. R. Valentine, A. K. Hull, and S. A. Tanumihardjo 13C Natural Abundance in Serum Retinol Acts as a Biomarker for Increases in Dietary Provitamin A Experimental Biology and Medicine, February 1, 2009; 234(2): 140 - 147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Howe and S. A. Tanumihardjo Carotenoid-Biofortified Maize Maintains Adequate Vitamin A Status in Mongolian Gerbils J. Nutr., October 1, 2006; 136(10): 2562 - 2567. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. J. Whitehead, J. A. Mares, and R. P. Danis Macular Pigment: A Review of Current Knowledge Arch Ophthalmol, July 1, 2006; 124(7): 1038 - 1045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Voutilainen, T. Nurmi, J. Mursu, and T. H Rissanen Carotenoids and cardiovascular health Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, June 1, 2006; 83(6): 1265 - 1271. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Djuric, J. Ren, O. Mekhovich, R. Venkatranamoorthy, and L. K. Heilbrun Effects of High Fruit-Vegetable and/or Low-Fat Intervention on Plasma Micronutrient Levels J. Am. Coll. Nutr., June 1, 2006; 25(3): 178 - 187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Clark, K. L. Herron, D. Waters, and M. L. Fernandez Hypo- and Hyperresponse to Egg Cholesterol Predicts Plasma Lutein and {beta}-Carotene Concentrations in Men and Women J. Nutr., March 1, 2006; 136(3): 601 - 607. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Burke, J. Curran-Celentano, and A. J. Wenzel Diet and Serum Carotenoid Concentrations Affect Macular Pigment Optical Density in Adults 45 Years and Older J. Nutr., May 1, 2005; 135(5): 1208 - 1214. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Z. Unlu, T. Bohn, S. K. Clinton, and S. J. Schwartz Carotenoid Absorption from Salad and Salsa by Humans Is Enhanced by the Addition of Avocado or Avocado Oil J. Nutr., March 1, 2005; 135(3): 431 - 436. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Ganji and M. R. Kafai Population Determinants of Serum Lycopene Concentrations in the United States: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994 J. Nutr., March 1, 2005; 135(3): 567 - 572. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Asai, M. Terasaki, and A. Nagao An Epoxide-Furanoid Rearrangement of Spinach Neoxanthin Occurs in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Mice and In Vitro: Formation and Cytostatic Activity of Neochrome Stereoisomers J. Nutr., September 1, 2004; 134(9): 2237 - 2243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. M. Welch and R. D. Graham Breeding for micronutrients in staple food crops from a human nutrition perspective J. Exp. Bot., February 1, 2004; 55(396): 353 - 364. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Nagao Oxidative Conversion of Carotenoids to Retinoids and Other Products J. Nutr., January 1, 2004; 134(1): 237S - 240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Samman Reply to Watzl and Bub J. Nutr., November 1, 2003; 133(11): 3726 - 3726. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Quilez, M. Rafecas, G. Brufau, P. Garcia-Lorda, I. Megias, M. Bullo, J. A. Ruiz, and J. Salas-Salvado Bakery Products Enriched with Phytosterol Esters, {alpha}-Tocopherol and {beta}-Carotene Decrease Plasma LDL-Cholesterol and Maintain Plasma {beta}-Carotene Concentrations in Normocholesterolemic Men and Women J. Nutr., October 1, 2003; 133(10): 3103 - 3109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. L. Lemke, S. R. Dueker, J. R. Follett, Y. Lin, C. Carkeet, B. A. Buchholz, J. S. Vogel, and A. J. Clifford Absorption and retinol equivalence of {beta}-carotene in humans is influenced by dietary vitamin A intake J. Lipid Res., August 1, 2003; 44(8): 1591 - 1600. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Tyssandier, E. Reboul, J.-F. Dumas, C. Bouteloup-Demange, M. Armand, J. Marcand, M. Sallas, and P. Borel Processing of vegetable-borne carotenoids in the human stomach and duodenum Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, June 1, 2003; 284(6): G913 - G923. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. W. Hadley, S. K. Clinton, and S. J. Schwartz The Consumption of Processed Tomato Products Enhances Plasma Lycopene Concentrations in Association with a Reduced Lipoprotein Sensitivity to Oxidative Damage J. Nutr., March 1, 2003; 133(3): 727 - 732. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. E. West, A. Eilander, and M. van Lieshout Consequences of Revised Estimates of Carotenoid Bioefficacy for Dietary Control of Vitamin A Deficiency in Developing Countries J. Nutr., September 1, 2002; 132(9): 2920S - 2926. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J Hickenbottom, J. R Follett, Y. Lin, S. R Dueker, B. J Burri, T. R Neidlinger, and A. J Clifford Variability in conversion of {beta}-carotene to vitamin A in men as measured by using a double-tracer study design Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2002; 75(5): 900 - 907. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Toyoda, L. R. Thomson, A. Langner, N. E. Craft, K. M. Garnett, C. R. Nichols, K. M. Cheng, and C. K. Dorey Effect of Dietary Zeaxanthin on Tissue Distribution of Zeaxanthin and Lutein in Quail Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., April 1, 2002; 43(4): 1210 - 1221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Tyssandier, N. Cardinault, C. Caris-Veyrat, M.-J. Amiot, P. Grolier, C. Bouteloup, V. Azais-Braesco, and P. Borel Vegetable-borne lutein, lycopene, and {beta}-carotene compete for incorporation into chylomicrons, with no adverse effect on the medium-term (3-wk) plasma status of carotenoids in humans Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2002; 75(3): 526 - 534. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Richelle, K. Bortlik, S. Liardet, C. Hager, P. Lambelet, M. Baur, L. A. Applegate, and E. A. Offord A Food-Based Formulation Provides Lycopene with the Same Bioavailability to Humans as That from Tomato Paste J. Nutr., March 1, 2002; 132(3): 404 - 408. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Sulaeman, D. W. Giraud, M. M. Naslund, and J. A. Driskell Mongolian Gerbils Can Utilize Provitamin-A Carotenoids in Deep-Fried Carrot Chips J. Nutr., February 1, 2002; 132(2): 211 - 217. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Noakes, P. Clifton, F. Ntanios, W. Shrapnel, I. Record, and J. McInerney An increase in dietary carotenoids when consuming plant sterols or stanols is effective in maintaining plasma carotenoid concentrations Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2002; 75(1): 79 - 86. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Sugawara, M. Kushiro, H. Zhang, E. Nara, H. Ono, and A. Nagao Lysophosphatidylcholine Enhances Carotenoid Uptake from Mixed Micelles by Caco-2 Human Intestinal Cells J. Nutr., November 1, 2001; 131(11): 2921 - 2927. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. Neuhouser, C. L. Rock, A. L. Eldridge, A. R. Kristal, R. E. Patterson, D. A. Cooper, D. Neumark-Sztainer, L. J. Cheskin, and M. D. Thornquist Serum Concentrations of Retinol, {alpha}-Tocopherol and the Carotenoids Are Influenced by Diet, Race and Obesity in a Sample of Healthy Adolescents J. Nutr., August 1, 2001; 131(8): 2184 - 2191. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Wallstrom, E. Wirfalt, P. H Lahmann, B. Gullberg, L. Janzon, and G. Berglund Serum concentrations of {beta}-carotene and {{alpha}}-tocopherol are associated with diet, smoking, and general and central adiposity Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2001; 73(4): 777 - 785. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Deming, A. C. Boileau, C. M. Lee, and J. W. Erdman Jr. Amount of Dietary Fat and Type of Soluble Fiber Independently Modulate Postabsorptive Conversion of {beta}-Carotene to Vitamin A in Mongolian Gerbils J. Nutr., November 1, 2000; 130(11): 2789 - 2796. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Ornish, B. M. Davis, M. Gerber, A. Lowenfels, P. Maisonneuve, R. J. Muller, P. A. Duprey, A. Schatzkin, E. Lanza, L. Freedman, et al. High-Fiber Diet and Colorectal Adenomas N. Engl. J. Med., September 7, 2000; 343(10): 736 - 738. [Full Text]
|
|
