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Changes in Women's Plasma Lipid and Lipoprotein Concentrations Due to Moderate Consumption of Alcohol Are Affected by Dietary Fat Level

Diet and Human Performance Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD, and the Lipid Research Clinic Laboratory, George Washington University, Washington D.C.

¹To whom correspondence should be addressed at Diet and Human Performance Laboratory, BHNRC, Building 308, Room 206, BARC-east, Beltsville, MD 20705. E-mail: rumpler{at}bhnrc.arsusda.gov

We studied the impact of substituting ethanol for dietary carbohydrate, in high- and low-fat diets, on plasma lipids and lipoprotein concentrations. During a 12-wk, weight maintaining, controlled feeding study, women consumed only food and beverage provided by the Human Studies Facility of the USDA Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center. Twenty-six women (age 41–59 y) consumed either a high-fat diet (38% of energy from fat) or a low-fat diet (18% of energy from fat) for 12 wk. The 12-wk feeding period was divided into two 6-wk periods in a cross-over design during which either ethanol or carbohydrate was added to the diet (5% of total daily energy intake). When the women consuming the high-fat diet had ethanol added to their diet, they had 6% lower plasma cholesterol (P = 0.003), 11% lower LDL cholesterol (P = 0.001) and 3% higher HDL cholesterol (P = 0.06) than when they had an equal amount (% energy) of carbohydrate added to their diet. The greater HDL cholesterol concentration was due to a 21% greater the HDL₂ subfraction (P = 0.001). The ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol was 14% lower. No significant differences existed in plasma lipids in women consuming the low-fat diet between the periods in which they had ethanol or carbohydrate added to their diet. This study suggests that the decreases in cardiovascular disease risk factors typically seen with moderate alcohol consumption may not be evident in individuals consuming a diet low in fat. Therefore changes in the risk factors associated with a low-fat diet and moderate alcohol consumption do not appear to be additive.

KEY WORDS: • blood lipids • plasma cholesterol • ethanol consumption • dietary fat • humans

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