![[Feedback]](/icons/banner/feedbackACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[For Subscribers]](/icons/banner/subscriberACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Archive]](/icons/banner/archiveACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Search]](/icons/banner/searchACT.gif){kind=icon}
![[Contents]](/icons/banner/tocACT.gif){kind=icon}
|
|
|
|
|
||
,3
*
Carolina Population Center,
Department of Epidemiology, and
**
Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516
3To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Undernutrition in infancy and early childhood is thought to adversely
affect cognitive development, although evidence of lasting effects is
not well established. With the use of data from the Cebu Longitudinal
Health and Nutrition Study, we assesshere the relationship between
stunting in the first 2 y of life and later cognitive development,
focusing on the significance of severity, timing and persistence of
early stunting. The sample included > 2000 Filipino children
administered a cognitive ability test at ages 8 and 11 y. Stunting
status was determined on the basis of anthropometric data collected
prospectively between birth and age 2 y. Children stunted between
birth and age 2 y had significantly lower test scores than
nonstunted children, especially when stunting was severe. The shortfall
in test scores among children stunted in the first 2 y was
strongly related to reduced schooling, which was the result of a
substantial delay in initial enrollment as well as higher absenteeism
and repetition of school years among stunted children. Interactions
between stunting and schooling were not significant, indicating that
stunted and nonstunted children benefitted similarly from additional
schooling. After multivariate adjustment, severe stunting at age 2 y remained significantly associated with later deficits in cognitive
ability. The timing of stunting was also related to test performance,
largely because children stunted very early also tended to be severely
stunted (
2 P = 0.000). Deficits in
children's scores were smaller at age 11 y than at age 8 y,
suggesting that adverse effects may decline over time. Results
emphasize the need to prevent early stunting and to provide adequate
schooling to disadvantaged children.
KEY WORDS: • developing countries • stunting • children • cognition • schooling
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  I. B. Helland, L. Smith, B. Blomen, K. Saarem, O. D. Saugstad, and C. A. Drevon Effect of Supplementing Pregnant and Lactating Mothers With n-3 Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acids on Children's IQ and Body Mass Index at 7 Years of Age Pediatrics, August 1, 2008; 122(2): e472 - e479. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. D. Stein, M. Wang, A. DiGirolamo, R. Grajeda, U. Ramakrishnan, M. Ramirez-Zea, K. Yount, and R. Martorell Nutritional Supplementation in Early Childhood, Schooling, and Intellectual Functioning in Adulthood: A Prospective Study in Guatemala Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, July 1, 2008; 162(7): 612 - 618. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Emond, P. S. Blair, P. M. Emmett, and R. F. Drewett Weight Faltering in Infancy and IQ Levels at 8 Years in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Pediatrics, October 1, 2007; 120(4): e1051 - e1058. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. A. Frank, N. B. Neault, A. Skalicky, J. T. Cook, J. D. Wilson, S. Levenson, A. F. Meyers, T. Heeren, D. B. Cutts, P. H. Casey, et al. Heat or Eat: The Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program and Nutritional and Health Risks Among Children Less Than 3 Years of Age Pediatrics, November 1, 2006; 118(5): e1293 - e1302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Grandjean, R. Harari, D. B. Barr, and F. Debes Pesticide Exposure and Stunting as Independent Predictors of Neurobehavioral Deficits in Ecuadorian School Children Pediatrics, March 1, 2006; 117(3): e546 - e556. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. C. Daniels and L. S. Adair Breast-Feeding Influences Cognitive Development in Filipino Children J. Nutr., November 1, 2005; 135(11): 2589 - 2595. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. F. FRIEDMAN, A. M. KWENA, L. B. MIREL, S. K. KARIUKI, D. J. TERLOUW, P. A. PHILLIPS-HOWARD, W. A. HAWLEY, B. L. NAHLEN, Y. P. SHI, and F. O. T. KUILE MALARIA AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS AMONG PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN: RESULTS FROM CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEYS IN WESTERN KENYA Am J Trop Med Hyg, October 1, 2005; 73(4): 698 - 704. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. L. Eckhardt, C. Suchindran, P. Gordon-Larsen, and L. S. Adair The Association between Diet and Height in the Postinfancy Period Changes with Age and Socioeconomic Status in Filipino Youths J. Nutr., September 1, 2005; 135(9): 2192 - 2198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Watanabe, R. Flores, J. Fujiwara, and L. T. H. Tran Early Childhood Development Interventions and Cognitive Development of Young Children in Rural Vietnam J. Nutr., August 1, 2005; 135(8): 1918 - 1925. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Meyers, D. Cutts, D. A. Frank, S. Levenson, A. Skalicky, T. Heeren, J. Cook, C. Berkowitz, M. Black, P. Casey, et al. Subsidized Housing and Children's Nutritional Status: Data From a Multisite Surveillance Study Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, June 1, 2005; 159(6): 551 - 556. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Shapiro-Mendoza, B. J Selwyn, D. P Smith, and M. Sanderson Parental pregnancy intention and early childhood stunting: findings from Bolivia Int. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2005; 34(2): 387 - 396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Hoffman and S.-K. Lee The Prevalence of Wasting, but Not Stunting, Has Improved in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea J. Nutr., March 1, 2005; 135(3): 452 - 456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M.Z. Anuar Zaini, C.T. Lim, W.Y. Low, and F. Harun Effects of Nutritional Status on Academic Performance of Malaysian Primary School Children Asia Pac J Public Health, January 1, 2005; 17(2): 81 - 87. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. de Onis, M. Blossner, E. Borghi, R. Morris, and E. A Frongillo Methodology for estimating regional and global trends of child malnutrition Int. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2004; 33(6): 1260 - 1270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. H Williams, T. D Phillips, P. E Jolly, J. K Stiles, C. M Jolly, and D. Aggarwal Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: a review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2004; 80(5): 1106 - 1122. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. Black, D. B. Cutts, D. A. Frank, J. Geppert, A. Skalicky, S. Levenson, P. H. Casey, C. Berkowitz, N. Zaldivar, J. T. Cook, et al. Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Participation and Infants' Growth and Health: A Multisite Surveillance Study Pediatrics, July 1, 2004; 114(1): 169 - 176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. C. Daniels and L. S. Adair Growth in Young Filipino Children Predicts Schooling Trajectories through High School J. Nutr., June 1, 2004; 134(6): 1439 - 1446. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M Neufeld, J. D Haas, R. Grajeda, and R. Martorell Changes in maternal weight from the first to second trimester of pregnancy are associated with fetal growth and infant length at birth Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2004; 79(4): 646 - 652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Kordas, P. Lopez, J. L. Rosado, G. Garcia Vargas, J. Alatorre Rico, D. Ronquillo, M. E. Cebrian, and R. J. Stoltzfus Blood Lead, Anemia, and Short Stature Are Independently Associated with Cognitive Performance in Mexican School Children J. Nutr., February 1, 2004; 134(2): 363 - 371. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Li, H. X. Barnhart, A. D. Stein, and R. Martorell Effects of Early Childhood Supplementation on the Educational Achievement of Women Pediatrics, November 1, 2003; 112(5): 1156 - 1162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. W. Demment, M. M. Young, and R. L. Sensenig Providing Micronutrients through Food-Based Solutions: A Key to Human and National Development J. Nutr., November 1, 2003; 133(11): 3879S - 3885. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J W T Dickerson Some aspects of the public health importance of measurement of growth The Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, September 1, 2003; 123(3): 165 - 168. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. de Onis and M. Blossner The World Health Organization Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition: methodology and applications Int. J. Epidemiol., August 1, 2003; 32(4): 518 - 526. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. C. Fernald and S. M. Grantham-McGregor Growth Retardation Is Associated with Changes in the Stress Response System and Behavior in School-Aged Jamaican Children J. Nutr., December 1, 2002; 132(12): 3674 - 3679. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. L. Geltman, M. Radin, Z. Zhang, J. Cochran, and A. F. Meyers Growth Status and Related Medical Conditions Among Refugee Children in Massachusetts, 1995-1998 Am J Public Health, November 1, 2001; 91(11): 1800 - 1805. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
