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*
Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0901;
Department of Epidemiology and Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98104;
**
Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454;
The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH 45224; and
Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224.
2To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed.
Biochemical measures of nutrients or other dietary constituents can be
an important component of nutritional assessment and monitoring.
However, accurate interpretation of the nutrient concentration is
dependent on knowledge of the determinants of the body pool measured.
The purpose of this study was to identify the determinants of serum
carotenoid and fat-soluble vitamin concentrations in a large,
community-based sample (n = 1042). Multiple linear
regression analysis was used to examine effects of demographic
characteristics (age, sex, race/ethnicity, education), health-related
behavior (exercise, sun exposure, smoking, alcohol consumption), and
intake (diet, supplements) on serum retinol, 25-hydroxyvitamin D,
-tocopherol, phylloquinone, and carotenoid concentrations. Age, sex,
race/ethnicity, vitamin A intake, and alcohol consumption were found to
be determinants of serum retinol concentration. Race/ethnicity, vitamin
D intake, body mass index, smoking status, and sun exposure were
determinants of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration. Determinants
of serum -tocopherol were age, sex, race/ethnicity, -tocopherol
intake, serum cholesterol, percentage of energy from fat (inversely
related), supplement use, and body mass index. Age, sex, phylloquinone
intake, serum triglycerides, and supplement use were determinants of
serum phylloquinone concentration. Primary determinants of serum
carotenoids were age, sex, race/ethnicity, carotenoid intake, serum
cholesterol, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and smoking status.
Overall, the demographic, dietary, and other lifestyle factors
explained little of the variability in serum concentrations of retinol
(R2 = 0.20), 25-hydroxyvitamin D
(R2 = 0.24), and the carotenoids
(R2 = 0.15–0.26); only modest amounts
of the variability in serum phylloquinone concentration
(R2 = 0.40); and more substantial amounts of
the variability in serum -tocopherol concentration
(R2 = 0.62).
KEY WORDS: • Carotenoids • retinol • 25-hydroxyvitamin D • -tocopherol • phylloquinone • humans
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