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Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, a Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269 and b Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702
High intakes of fruits and vegetables and of carotenoids are associated
with a lower risk for a variety of chronic diseases. It is therefore
important to test the validity of dietary questionnaires that assess
these intakes. We compared intakes of five carotenoids, as calculated
from responses to the Willett 126-item food-frequency questionnaire,
with corresponding biochemical measures. Subjects included 346 women
and 201 men, aged 67–93 y, in the Framingham Heart Study. Unadjusted
correlations were higher among women than men as follows: 
-carotene
0.33 and 0.18, ß-carotene, 0.36 and 0.25; ß-cryptoxanthin, 0.44 and
0.32; lycopene, 0.35 and 0.21; and lutein + zeaxanthin, 0.27 and
0.10, respectively. Adjustment for age, energy intake, body mass index
(BMI, kg/m2), plasma cholesterol concentrations and smoking
reduced the gender differences, respectively, to the following:
-carotene 0.30 and 0.28; ß-carotene, 0.34 and 0.31;
ß-cryptoxanthin, 0.45 and 0.36; lycopene, 0.36 and 0.31; and
lutein + zeaxanthin, 0.24 and 0.14. Plots of adjusted mean plasma
carotenoid concentration by quintile of respective carotenoid intake
show apparent greater responsiveness among women, compared with men, to
dietary intake of - and ß-carotene and ß-cryptoxanthin, but
similar blood-diet relationships for lycopene and lutein +
zeaxanthin. Reported daily intake of fruits and vegetables correlated
most strongly with plasma ß-cryptoxanthin and ß-carotene among
women and with plasma - and ß-carotene among men. With the
exception of lutein + zeaxanthin, this dietary questionnaire does
provide reasonable rankings of carotenoid status among elderly
subjects, with the strongest correlations for ß-cryptoxanthin.
Appropriate adjustment of confounders is necessary to clarify these
associations among men.
KEY WORDS: • carotenoids • dietary questionnaire • humans • plasma • phytochemicals
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