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Fortified Foods Contribute One Half of Recommended Vitamin A Intake in Poor Urban Guatemalan Toddlers

Manuscript received 11 March 1997. Initial reviews completed 11 May 1997. Revision accepted 20 January 1998.

Vivian M. Krause, Helene Delisle, and Noel W. Solomons*

Département de Nutrition, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3C 3J7 and * Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism, Hospital de Ojos y Oidos, "Dr. Rodolfo Robles V," Ciudad Guatemala, Guatemala

Vitamin A intake from food sources, not including breast milk, was determined from seven consecutive 24-h recalls for 55 children (mean age 20.8 mo, SD 8.9) from two poor communities of Guatemala City. Not including vitamin A derived from fortified sugar or breast milk, the median daily vitamin A intake was 194 retinol equivalents (RE). Including vitamin A derived from fortified sugar but not including that derived from breast milk, the median total vitamin A intake (25th and 75th percentiles) was 338 RE (146 and 617 RE) of which 78% was preformed retinol and 22% provitamin A. More than 90% of total vitamin A intake from non-breast milk food sources was derived from only 10 items; over half came from three fortified foods: fortified sugar, Incaparina and margarine. Sugar samples from 91 households in 1991 had a median of 3.3 RE/g (range, 0.0-29.9 RE/g), <25% of the target level (13-17 RE/g); nevertheless, fortified sugar provided 25% of these children's total vitamin A intake (81 RE/d) from non-breast milk food sources and their intake approached the level recommended by the FAO/WHO (400 RE/d). These results show that fortified foods make an important contribution towards vitamin A intake in this sample of poor urban Guatemalan toddlers.

Key words: vitamin A, fortification, dietary intake, preschoolers, Guatemala.

The Journal of Nutrition Vol. 128 No. 5 May 1998, pp. 860-864
Copyright ©1998 by the American Society for Nutritional Sciences




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